CAS 59-23-4|D-Galactose

Introduction：Basic information about CAS 59-23-4|D-Galactose, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.

Table of Contents

1. Names
2. D-Galactose BiologicalActivity
3. Chemical & Physical Properties
4. Toxicological Information
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
5. Safety Information
6. Customs
7. Articles218
8. Synonyms

Common Name	D-Galactose
CAS Number	59-23-4	Molecular Weight	180.156
Density	1.6±0.1 g/cm3	Boiling Point	527.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula	C₆H₁₂O₆	Melting Point	168-170 °C(lit.)
MSDS	ChineseUSA	Flash Point	286.7±26.6 °C

Names

Name	D-Galactose
Synonym	More Synonyms

D-Galactose BiologicalActivity

Description	D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
Related Catalog	Research Areas >>Neurological DiseaseNatural Products >>Saccharides and Glycosides
Target	Human Endogenous Metabolite
In Vitro	Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. In Escherichia coli galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway. Two anomers of d-galactose are used for different purposes, α-d-galactose as a carbon source and β-d-galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation[1].
In Vivo	Chronic D-galactose exposure induces neurodegeneration by enhancing caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting neurogenesis and neuron migration in mice, as well as increasing oxidative damage. In addition, D-galactose-induced toxicity in mice is a useful model for studying the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective drugs and agents[2]. D-galactose given by oral route causes cognitive impairments in rats which are accompanied by oxidative damage. Cognitive impairments is observed in the open-field test in the 4th and 6th weeks after d-gal administration, as well as an impairment in spatial memory in the radial maze test after the 6th week of d-gal administration[3].
Animal Admin	Rats: D-galactose is dissolved in water for administration at the dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight, and given by oral gavage, once a day, over a period of 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. Animals are randomized into two groups: control animals (receiving water by oral gavage) or d-gal animals (receiving D-galactose by oral gavage). The behavioral tests and biochemical analysis are undertaken on the1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks after the last administration of d-gal[3]. Mice: Male adult C57BL/6 mice are randomly divided into three groups (control, D-galactose, and D-galactose plus α-LA). D-galactose (100 mg/kg) is injected subcutaneously (s.c.) daily into mice for 7 weeks. α-LA (100 mg/kg body weight) is injected peritoneally (i.p.) daily concomitantly for 7 weeks. All control animals are given saline[2].
References	[1]. Csiszovszki Z, et al. Structure and function of the D-galactose network in enterobacteria. MBio. 2011 Jun 28;2(4):e00053-11. [2]. Cui X, et al. Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidativedamage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54. [3]. Budni J, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Apr 1;302:35-43.

Chemical & Physical Properties

Density	1.6±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	527.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	168-170 °C(lit.)
Molecular Formula	C₆H₁₂O₆
Molecular Weight	180.156
Flash Point	286.7±26.6 °C
Exact Mass	180.063385
PSA	110.38000
LogP	-3.17
Vapour Pressure	0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.573
Storage condition	Store at RT.
Water Solubility	H2O: 100 mg/mL

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: LW5490000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Galactose, D-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 59-23-4

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 1724619

LAST UPDATED :: 199709

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 12

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C6-H12-O6

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 180.18

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 240 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 11-22 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :: JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 70,676,1967

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 188 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 8-10 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

REFERENCE :: ANENAG Annales d'Endocrinologie. (Masson Editeur, 120 Blvd. Saint-Germain, F-25280 Paris Cedex 06, France) V.1- 1939- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,203,1959

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 440 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 1-22 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :: JOPDAB Journal of Pediatrics. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141) V.1- 1932- Volume(issue)/page/year: 67,438,1965

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 475 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 3-22 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other postnatal measures or effects

REFERENCE :: SCIEAS Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- Volume(issue)/page/year: 214,1145,1981

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 1000 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 3-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 21 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - germ cell effects (in offspring)

REFERENCE :: SCIEAS Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895- Volume(issue)/page/year: 214,1145,1981

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 1260 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 1-21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - abortion Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

REFERENCE :: TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 31,29A,1985

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 630 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 1-21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear

REFERENCE :: TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 33,46C,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 16500 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 8-12 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)

REFERENCE :: TCMUD8 Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,7,1987

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 840 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 14 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Maternal Effects - ovaries, fallopian tubes Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility

REFERENCE :: FESTAS Fertility and Sterility. (American Fertility Soc., 608 13th Ave. S, Birmingham, AL 35282) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 49,522,1988 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 81790 No. of Facilities: 97 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 6 No. of Employees: 1707 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 81790 No. of Facilities: 148 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 7 No. of Employees: 2013 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1456 (estimated)

Safety Information

Personal Protective Equipment	Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter
Hazard Codes	Xi
Risk Phrases	36/37/38
Safety Phrases	S22-S24/25
RIDADR	NONH for all modes of transport
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	LW5490000
HS Code	29400090

Customs

HS Code	29400090

Articles218

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J. Ethnopharmacol. 164 , 229-38, (2015)

Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (RG) has been widely used as traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treatment of diabetes and its complications. The polysaccharide fraction of RG has been proposed ...

Urinary metabolic fingerprinting of mice with diet-induced metabolic derangements by parallel dual secondary column-dual detection two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography.

J. Chromatogr. A. 1361 , 265-76, (2014)

This study investigates the potential of a parallel dual secondary column-dual detection two-dimensional comprehensive GC platform (GC×2GC-MS/FID) for metabolic profiling and fingerprinting of mouse u...

Functional study of the Hap4-like genes suggests that the key regulators of carbon metabolism HAP4 and oxidative stress response YAP1 in yeast diverged from a common ancestor.

PLoS ONE 9(12) , e112263, (2014)

The transcriptional regulator HAP4, induced by respiratory substrates, is involved in the balance between fermentation and respiration in S. cerevisiae. We identified putative orthologues of the Hap4 ...

Synonyms

BRAIN SUGAR

galactos

EINECS 200-416-4

D-(+)-Galactose

Dextrogalactose

(+)-Galactose

D-Galactose (9CI)

MFCD00871336

Gal

d-galactos

D(+)-Galactose

(+)-aldehydo-D-galactose

Galactose, D-

D(+)-Glactose

aldehydo-D-galactose

Lactoglucose

cerebrose

MaltaseHydrate

Galactose

D-Galactose

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