NITROUS OXIDE CAS 10024-97-2
Introduction：Basic information about NITROUS OXIDE CAS 10024-97-2, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
NITROUS OXIDE Basic information
| Product Name: | NITROUS OXIDE |
| Synonyms: | hyponitrousacidanhydride;Lachgas;n20;N2O;Nitral;Nitrogen oxide (N2O);nitrogenhypoxide;nitrogenoxide(n2o) |
| CAS: | 10024-97-2 |
| MF: | N2O |
| MW: | 44.01 |
| EINECS: | 233-032-0 |
| Product Categories: | refrigerants;Inorganics |
| Mol File: | 10024-97-2.mol |
NITROUS OXIDE Chemical Properties
| Melting point | −91 °C(lit.) |
| Boiling point | −88 °C(lit.) |
| density | 1.23 g/cm3 (-89 ºC) |
| vapor density | 1.53 (15 °C, vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 51.7 mm Hg ( 21 °C) |
| refractive index | 1.380 |
| FEMA | 2779 | NITROUS OXIDE |
| solubility | At 20 °C and at a pressure of 101 kPa, 1 volume dissolves in about 1.5 volumes of water. |
| pka | -16.68±0.53(Predicted) |
| form | colorless gas |
| color | colorless |
| Odor | odorless |
| Water Solubility | slightly soluble H2O; soluble alcohol, ether, conc H2SO4 [HAW93] |
| Merck | 13,6687 |
| BRN | 8137358 |
| Dielectric constant | 1.6（0℃） |
| Stability: | Oxidant, strongly supports combustion. May react violently with some materials. Thermal decomposition yields toxic products. Incompatible with aluminium, boron oxides, hydrazine, strong reducing agents. |
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | FRAGRANCE PROPELLANT |
| LogP | 0.43 |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 10024-97-2(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Nitrous oxide (10024-97-2) |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | O |
| Risk Statements | 8 |
| Safety Statements | 38 |
| OEB | A |
| OEL | TWA: 25 ppm (46 mg/m3) (TWA: over the time exposed) [*Note: REL for exposure to waste anesthetic gas.] |
| RIDADR | UN 1070 2.2 |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | QX1350000 |
| F | 4.5-31 |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| DOT Classification | 2.2 (Nonflammable gas) |
| HazardClass | 2.2 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 10024-97-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | Because of its analgesic effects and the moderate loss ofinhibitions, it has been frequently abused. Such chronic problems may cause long-term toxicity not seen with appropriateuse, including possible effects on the male reproductive system. |
| Description | dinitrogen monoxide’s (N2O)common name is nitrous oxide.Nitrous oxide is a colorless, nonfl ammable,nontoxic gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste. Nitrous oxide is produced bythe thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate at approximately 240°C: NH4NO3(g) →N2O(g) + 2H2O(g).Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas.Its atmospheric residence time is 120 years. A molecule of N2O has 310 times the potentialfor absorbing heat compared to a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is stable and unreactive onthe earth’s surface, but it can be transported to the stratosphere where it absorbs energy and isconverted into reactive forms of nitrogen such as nitric oxide and the nitrate radical contributingto ozone destruction. |
| Chemical Properties | A colorless gas without appreciable odor or a slightly sweetish odor and taste. One L at 0°C and at a pressure of 760 mm of mercury weighs about 1.97 g. One volume dissolves in about 1.4 volumes of water at 20°C and at a pressure of 760 mm of mercury. It is freely soluble in alcohol and soluble in ether and in oils. It is prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. |
| Chemical Properties | Colourless gas with sweetish odour |
| Chemical Properties | Nitrous oxide is a colorless gas. Slightly sweetodor. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. |
| Chemical Properties | Nitrous oxide is a nonflammable, colorless and odorless, sweettastinggas. It is usually handled as a compressed gas, stored in metalcylinders. |
| Chemical Properties | Nitrous oxide has a slight sweetish, odor and taste. This gas is also reported as without appreciable odor. At 0°C and apressure of 760 mm of mercury, 1 L weighs about 1.97 g. |
| Physical properties | Colorless gas with faint sweet odor and taste; heavier than air, density in air 1.53 (air=1); gas density 1.977 g/L at 0°C; noncombustible gas; supports combustion; liquefies to a colorless liquid at -88.5°C; liquid density 1.226 g/mL at -89°C; freezes to a cubic crystalline solid at -90.8°C; dipole moment 0.166 ; critical temperature 36.5°C; critical pressure 71.7 atm; solubility in water: 130 mL gas dissolves in 100mL water at 0°C and 56.7 mL in 100 mL water at 25°C; soluble in alcohol, ether and sulfuric acid. |
| History | nitrous oxide was prepared in 1772 by Joseph Priestley (1733 1804) . Priestley called nitric oxide nitrous air, nitrogen dioxide nitrous acid vapor, and nitrous oxide phlogisticated nitrous air, but also referred to the dioxide. Priestley prepared nitric oxide by reacting nitric acid with a metal such as copper: 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) 2NO(g) + 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O(l).He prepared nitrous oxide by reducing nitric oxide using iron: 2NO(g) + H2O(l) + Fe(s) N2O(g) + Fe(OH)2(aq).For example, the year of discovery for nitrous oxide ranges between 1772 and 1793. Humphrey Davy (1778 1829) examined the physiological effects of nitrous oxide and in 1799 wrote Researches Chemical and Philosophical, Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide. |
| Uses | Nitrous oxide is called laughing gas and has been used as a recreational inhalant, anesthetic, oxidizer, and propellant. Nitrous oxide is widely used as an anesthetic in dental surgery, which accounts for approximately 90% of its use. It is used by the dairy industry as a foaming agent for canned whipping creams. The gas is used as an anesthetic, especially in dentistry and minor surgery. It produces mild hysteria and laughter preceding the anesthetic effect, for which reason it also is called “laughing gas.” It is used as an aerosol propellant, an aerating agent for whipped cream, and an oxidizing agent at high temperatures. Nitrous oxide also is used in the preparation of nitrites and as a flame gas in flame atomic absorption spectrometry of metals. |
| Uses | Nitrous oxide is used in the productionof nitrites, in rocket fuel, as an inhalationanesthesia and analgesic agent. |
| Uses | Nitrous Oxide is a noncombustible gas used as a propellant in certain dairy and vegetable fat whipped toppings contained in pressurized containers. |
| Uses | Nitrous oxide was discovered by Priestley. It is found in the atmosphere in trace concentrations. The gas is used as an anesthetic, especially in dentistry and minor surgery. It produces mild hysteria and laughter preceding the anesthetic effect, for which reason it also is called “laughing gas.” It is used as an aerosol propellant, an aerating agent for whipped cream, and an oxidizing agent at high temperatures. Nitrous oxide also is used in the preparation of nitrites and as a flame gas in flame atomic absorption spectrometry of metals. |
| Uses | Nitrous oxide is still commonly used in combination with a volatile agentto maintain anaesthesia. However, there is growing concern regarding itstoxic effects and cost. Consequently, medical air in combination with oxygenis now being used increasingly during anaesthesia. |
| Preparation | Prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 → N2O↑ + 2H2O |
| Definition | ChEBI: A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with ts non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. |
| Production Methods | Prepared (1) by reaction of silver hyponitrite Ag2N2O2 and hydrogen chloride in anhydrous ether, an evaporation of the resulting solution, (2) by reaction of hydroxylamine H2NOH plus nitrous acid HONO. |
| Production Methods | Nitrous oxide is prepared by heating ammonium nitrate to about170°C. This reaction also forms water. |
| Definition | A colorless gas with a faintlysweet odor and taste. It is appreciably solublein water (1.3 volumes in 1 volume ofwater at 0°C) but more soluble in ethanol.It is prepared commercially by the carefulheating of ammonium nitrate: NH4NO3(s) = N2O(g) + 2H2O(g) Dinitrogen oxide is fairly easily decomposedon heating to temperatures above520°C, giving nitrogen and oxygen. Thegas is used as a mild anesthetic in medicineand dentistry, being marketed in small steelcylinders. It is sometimes called laughinggas because it induces a feeling of elationwhen inhaled. |
| Biological Functions | N2O (commonly called laughing gas) produces its anestheticeffect without decreasing blood pressure orcardiac output. Although it directly depresses the myocardium,cardiac depression is offset by an N2O–mediated sympathetic stimulation. Likewise, respirationis maintained.Tidal volume falls, but minute ventilationis supported by a centrally mediated increase in respiratoryrate. However, since the respiratory depressanteffect of N2O are synergistic with drugs such as the opioids opioidsand benzodiazepines, N2O should not be consideredbenign. Deep levels of anesthesia are unattainable, evenwhen using the highest practical concentrations of N2O(N2O 60–80% with oxygen 40–20%). Although unconsciousnessoccurs at these inspired levels, patients exhibitsigns of CNS excitation, such as physical strugglingand vomiting. If the airway is unprotected, vomitingmay lead to aspiration pneumonitis, since the protectivereflexes of the airway are depressed. On the other hand, lower inspired concentrations(25–40%) of N2O produce CNS depression without excitatoryphenomena and are more safely used clinically.CNS properties of low inspired tension of N2O includeperiods of waxing and waning consciousness, amnesia,and extraordinarily effective analgesia. N2O 25% producesthe gas’s maximum analgesic effect.With this concentration,responses to painful surgical manipulationsare blocked as effectively as they would be with a therapeuticdose of morphine. Such low inspired concentrationsof N2O are used in dentistry and occasionally for selectedpainful surgical procedures (i.e., to relieve the painof labor). Since the tissue solubility of N2O is low, theCNS effects are rapid in onset, and recovery is promptwhen the patient is returned to room air or oxygen. The most common use of N2O is in combination withthe more potent volatile anesthetics. It decreases thedosage requirement for the other anesthetics, thus loweringtheir cardiovascular and respiratory toxicities. For example,an appropriate anesthetic maintenance tensionfor N2O and halothane would be N2O 40% andhalothane 0.5%.With this combination in a healthy patient,anesthesia is adequate for major surgery, and thedose-dependent cardiac effects of halothane are reduced. |
| General Description | Nitrous oxide is a gas at room temperature and is supplied asa liquid under pressure in metal cylinders. Nitrous oxide is a“dissociative anesthetic” and causes slight euphoria and hallucinations. |
| General Description | NITROUS OXIDE is a colorless, sweet-tasting gas. NITROUS OXIDE is also known as "laughing gas". Continued breathing of the vapors may impair the decision making process. NITROUS OXIDE is noncombustible but NITROUS OXIDE will accelerate the burning of combustible material in a fire. NITROUS OXIDE is soluble in water. Its vapors are heavier than air. Exposure of the container to prolonged heat or fire can cause NITROUS OXIDE to rupture violently and rocket. NITROUS OXIDE is used as an anesthetic, in pressure packaging, and to manufacture other chemicals. |
| Reactivity Profile | NITROUS OXIDE is an oxidizing agent. Nonflammable but supports combustion. Can explode at high temperature (after vaporization). Vapors can undergo a violent reaction with aluminum, boron, hydrazine, lithium hydride, phenyllithium, phosphine, sodium, tungsten carbide [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 1686]. Contact of the cold liquefied gas with water may result in vigorous or violent boiling. If the water is hot, a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquefied gas contacts water in a closed container [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980]. |
| Hazard | Supports combustion, can form explosivemixture with air. Narcotic in high concentration.Central nervous system impairment, hematologiceffects, and embryo/fetal damage. Questionablecarcinogen. |
| Health Hazard | Inhalation causes intense analgesia; concentrations of over 40-60% cause loss of consciousness preceded by hysteria. Contact of liquid with eyes or skin causes frostbite burn. |
| Health Hazard | Toxicity and irritant effects of nitrous oxidein humans are very low. It is an anesthetic.Inhalation of this gas at high concentrationscan produce depression of the central nervous system, decrease in body temperature,and fall in blood pressure. The LC50 valueof a 4-hour exposure in mice is in the rangeof 600 ppm. |
| Fire Hazard | Behavior in Fire: Will support combustion, and may increase intensity of fire. Containers may explode when heated. |
| Pharmaceutical Applications | Nitrous oxide and other compressed gases such as carbon dioxideand nitrogen are used as propellants for topical pharmaceuticalaerosols. They are also used in other aerosol products that worksatisfactorily with the coarse aerosol spray that is produced withcompressed gases, e.g. furniture polish and window cleaner. The advantages of compressed gases as aerosol propellants arethat they are less expensive, of low toxicity, and practically odorlessand tasteless. In contrast to liquefied gases, their pressures changerelatively little with temperature. However, there is no reservoir ofpropellant in the aerosol, and as a result the pressure decreases asthe product is used, changing the spray characteristics. Misuse of a product by the consumer, such as using a productinverted, results in the discharge of the vapor phase instead of theliquid phase. Since most of the propellant is contained in the vaporphase, some of the propellant will be lost and the spraycharacteristics will be altered. Additionally, the sprays producedusing compressed gases are very wet. However, recent developmentsin valve technology have reduced the risk of misuse by makingavailable valves which will spray only the product (not propellant)regardless of the position of the container. Additionally, barriersystems will also prevent loss of propellant, and have foundincreased use with this propellant. Therapeutically, nitrous oxide is best known as an anestheticadministered by inhalation. When used as an anesthetic it hasstrong analgesic properties but produces little muscle relaxation.Nitrous oxide is always administered in conjunction with oxygensince on its own it is hypoxic. |
| Materials Uses | Nitrous oxide is noncorrosive and may thereforebe used with any of the common, commerciallyavailable metals. Because of its oxidizing action, however, all equipment being prepared tohandle nitrous oxide, particularly at high pressures, must be free of oil, grease, and otherreadily combustible materials. Nitrous oxidemay cause swelling ofsome elastomers. |
| Clinical Use | The low potency of nitrous oxide (MAC＝ 104%) precludes it from being used alone for surgical anesthesia.To use it as the sole anesthetic agent the patient wouldhave to breathe in pure N2Oto the exclusion of oxygen. Thissituation would obviously cause hypoxia and potentially leadto death. Nitrous oxide can inactivate methionine synthase, aB12-dependent enzyme necessary for the synthesis of DNAand therefore should be used with caution in pregnant andB12-deficient patients. Nitrous oxide is also soluble in closedgas containing body spaces and can cause these spaces toenlarge when administered possibly leading to adverse occurrences(occluded middle ear, bowel distension, pneumothorax).Nitrous oxide is a popular anesthetic in dentistrywere it is commonly referred to as “laughing gas.” It is usedin combination with more potent anesthetics for surgicalanesthesia and remains a drug of recreational abuse.Nitrous oxide undergoes little or no metabolism. |
| Safety Profile | Moderately toxic byinhalation. Human systemic effects byinhalation: general anesthetic, decreasedpulse rate without blood pressure fall, andbody temperature decrease. An experimentalteratogen. Experimental reproductiveeffects. Mutation data reported. Anasphyxiant. Does not burn but is flammableby chemical reaction and supportscombustion. Moderate explosion hazard; itcan form an explosive mixture with air.Violent reaction with Al, B, hydrazine, LiH,LiC6H5, PH3, Na, tungsten carbide. Alsoself-explodes at high temperatures. |
| Safety | Nitrous oxide is most commonly used therapeutically as ananesthetic and analgesic. Reports of adverse reactions to nitrousoxide therefore generally concern its therapeutic use, whererelatively large quantities of the gas may be inhaled, rather thanits use as an excipient. The main complications associated with nitrous oxide inhalationoccur as a result of hypoxia. Prolonged administration may also beharmful. Nitrous oxide is rapidly absorbed on inhalation. |
| Potential Exposure | Used as an anesthetic in dentistry andsurgery; used as a gas in food aerosols, such as whippedcream; used in manufacture of nitrites; used in rocket fuels;in firefighting; diesel emissions. Large amounts of nitrousoxide will decrease the amount of available oxygen.Nitrous Oxide 2231Oxygen should be routinely tested to ensure that it is atleast 19% by volume. |
| Physiological effects | Nitrous oxide's primary physiological effect iscentral nervous system (CNS) depression. At high concentrations, anesthetic levels can beobtained, but the low potency of nitrous oxidenecessitates concomitant administration of otherdepressant drugs. Nitrous oxide has been associated with several side effects from longtermexposure. The most strongly substantiated effectis neuropathy. Epidemiological studies alsosuggest feto-toxic effects and higher incidentsof spontaneous abortion in exposed personnel.Although no cause-and-effect relationship hasbeen firmly established, exposure to the gasshould be minimized. Inhalation of nitrous oxide without the provision of a sufficient oxygen supply may be fatalor cause brain damage. Due to the concern overlongterm exposure effects, release of the product into general work areas should be minimized. NIOSH has recommended a maximum exposure on an 8-hour Time-Weighted Average(TWA) of 25 parts per million for anestheticand analgesic administration.ACGIH recommends a Threshold LimitValue-Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)of 50 ppm (90 mglm3) for nitrous oxide. TheTLV- TWA is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workersmay be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. Warning: The misuse of nitrous oxide cancause death by reducing the oxygen necessary tosupport life. Nitrous oxide abuse can impair anindividual's ability to make and implement lifesustaining decisions. |
| Carcinogenicity | The possible carcinogenicity of nitrousoxide has been studied in dentists and chairsideassistants with occupational exposures. Noeffect was observed in male dentists, but a 2.4-fold increase in cancer of the cervix in heavilyexposed female assistants was reported.7 Otherepidemiological reports of workers exposed towaste anesthetic gases have been negative.1Carcinogenic bioassays in animals have yieldednegative results. Nitrous oxide was not genotoxicin a variety of assays. |
| storage | Nitrous oxide is essentially nonreactive and stable except at hightemperatures; at a temperature greater than 500°C nitrous oxidedecomposes to nitrogen and oxygen. Explosive mixtures may beformed with other gases such as ammonia, hydrogen, and otherfuels. Nitrous oxide should be stored in a tightly sealed metalcylinder in a cool, dry place. |
| Shipping | UN1070 Nitrous oxide, compressed, HazardClass: 2.2; Labels: 2.2-Nonflammable compressed gas;5.1-Oxidizer; UN2201 Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid,Hazard Class: 2.2; Labels: 2.2-Nonflammable compressedgas; 5.1-Oxidizer. Cylinders must be transported in a secureupright position, in a well-ventilated truck. Protect cylinderand labels from physical damage. The owner of the compressedgas cylinder is the only entity allowed by federallaw (49CFR) to transport and refill them. It is a violationof transportation regulations to refill compressed gas cylinderswithout the express written permission of the owner. |
| Purification Methods | Wash the gas with concentrated alkaline pyrogallol solution, to remove O2, CO2, and NO2, then dry it by passing it through columns of P2O5 or Drierite, and collecting in a dry trap cooled in liquid N2. It is further purified by freeze-pump-thaw and distillation cycles under vacuum [Ryan & Freeman J Phys Chem 81 1455 1977, Schenk in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 484-485 1963]. |
| Toxicity evaluation | Large amounts of released nitrous oxide can decrease theamount of available oxygen. Medical complications of nitrousoxide inhalation are due to varying degrees of hypoxia affectingprimarily the heart and brain. By inactivating vitamin B12,a critical cofactor in hematopoiesis and lipid membraneformation, nitrous oxide can cause anemia and neuropathy viaselective inhibition of methionine synthase, a key enzyme inmethionine and folate metabolism. |
| Incompatibilities | Nitrous oxide is generally compatible with most materialsencountered in pharmaceutical formulations, although it may reactas a mild oxidizing agent. |
| Incompatibilities | Nitrous oxide is a weak oxidizer.Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides,permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine,etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep awayfrom alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids,epoxides. Violent reactions with organic peroxides,hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide; lithium, boron, lithiumhydride, sodium, aluminum, phosphine. This chemicalis a strong oxidizer @ .300C and self-explodes at hightemperature. May form explosive mixtures with ammonia,carbon monoxide; hydrogen sulfide; oil, grease and fuels. |
| Waste Disposal | Disperse in atmosphere orspray on dry soda ash/lime with great care; then flush tosewer. |
| Regulatory Status | GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK and USA.Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinalIngredients. |
| GRADES AVAILABLE | Nitrous oxide is available in medical, commercial, and high-purity grades. The medical (USP)grade is the most widely used. Manufacturerstypically produce nitrous oxide for this use tothe specification published in the United StatesPharmacopeia/National Formulary. CGAG-8.2, Commodity Specification for NitrousOxide, describes the requirements for particulargrades of nitrous oxide. Other specificationsto meet particular requirements are availablefrom suppliers. The absence of avalue in a listed quality verification level doesnot mean to imply that the limiting characteristic is or is not present, but merely indicates thatthe test is not required for compliance with thespecification. |
NITROUS OXIDE Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Raw materials | Ammonium nitrate |
| Preparation Products | Hydroxyl Radical-->Nitrogen(1+), tetrafluoro-, (T-4)-, (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroantimonate(1-)-->dinitrogen trioxide-->Ammonium perchlorate-->PERCHLORIC ACID |
