Potassium chloride CAS 7447-40-7
Introduction：Basic information about Potassium chloride CAS 7447-40-7, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
Potassium chloride Basic informationChemical Properties Uses
| Product Name: | Potassium chloride |
| Synonyms: | Chlorid draselny;chloriddraselny;chlorideofpotash;Chloropotassuril;Chloropotassuril diffu-K;Kaleorid;Kaleorod;Kalitabs |
| CAS: | 7447-40-7 |
| MF: | KCl |
| MW: | 74.55 |
| EINECS: | 231-211-8 |
| Product Categories: | Inorganic salt, food additives;API;Crystal Grade Inorganics;Potassium Salts;PotassiumMetal and Ceramic Science;Salts;Synthetic Reagents;Conductivity StandardsMethod Specific;ISO 7888Alphabetic;Analytical Standards;European Community: ISO and DIN;P;Physical Properties;PON - PT;AlphabeticalProtein Structural Analysis;BioUltra Buffers;Optimization Reagents;X-Ray Crystallography;Pure Salts for Melting Digestions (Trace SELECT);Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS);Digestion Reagents;BiochemicalsBiological Buffers;O-P, Puriss p.a. ACS;Puriss p.a. ACS;O-P, Puriss p.a.;Analytical Reagents for General Use;Puriss p.a.;Biological Buffers;Buffers A to ZSerum-free Media;Companion Products and ReagentsSynthetic Reagents;Inorganic Salts;Insect Platform;Potassium;Chemistry;19: K;Beaded Materials;Chemical Synthesis;Crystal Grade Inorganics;Inorganic Salts;K;Materials Science;Metal and Ceramic Science;Potassium Salts;Synthetic Reagents;Ultra-High Purity Materials;metal halide;Inorganics;Reference Material Silver nitrate;By Reference Material;N - RVolumetric Solutions;Optimization ReagentsSynthetic Reagents;Protein Structural Analysis;Buffers A to ZSynthetic Reagents;Molecular Biology;Molecular Biology Reagents;Buffers A to Z;Buffers A to ZPharmacopoeia (USP);Pharmacopoeial InorganicsBiological Buffers;Pharmacopoeia A-ZPharmacopoeia (USP);USP/MultiCompendial Grade Buffers;N - RSynthetic Reagents;Salt Solutions;Volumetric Solutions;ACS Grade BuffersBiological Buffers;ACS GradeBiological Buffers;Essential Chemicals;Routine Reagents;Cell Culture;Miscellaneous Reagents and Supplements;Reagents and Supplements;N - R;BioUltraProtein Structural Analysis;DNA&RNA Purification;Optimization ReagentsMolecular Biology;Reagents;Buffers for ISE;Analytical/Chromatography;Ion Sensor Materials;INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMICALS;7447-40-7 |
| Mol File: | 7447-40-7.mol |
Potassium chloride Chemical Properties
| Melting point | 770 °C (lit.) | ||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 1420°C | ||||||||||||||
| density | 1.98 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) | ||||||||||||||
| bulk density | 1000kg/m3 | ||||||||||||||
| refractive index | n | ||||||||||||||
| Fp | 1500°C | ||||||||||||||
| storage temp. | 2-8°C | ||||||||||||||
| solubility | H2O: soluble | ||||||||||||||
| form | random crystals | ||||||||||||||
| color | White | ||||||||||||||
| Specific Gravity | 1.984 | ||||||||||||||
| Odor | Odorless | ||||||||||||||
| PH Range | 7 | ||||||||||||||
| Flame Color | Light Purple | ||||||||||||||
| PH | 5.5-8.0 (20℃, 50mg/mL in H2O) | ||||||||||||||
| biological source | rabbit | ||||||||||||||
| Water Solubility | 340 g/L (20 ºC) | ||||||||||||||
| Sensitive | Hygroscopic | ||||||||||||||
| λmax | λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.02 λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01 | ||||||||||||||
| Crystal Structure | NaCl type | ||||||||||||||
| crystal system | Cube | ||||||||||||||
| Merck | 14,7621 | ||||||||||||||
| Sublimation | 1500 ºC | ||||||||||||||
| BRN | 1711999 | ||||||||||||||
| Space group | Fm3m | ||||||||||||||
| Lattice constant |
| ||||||||||||||
| Dielectric constant | 4.6（Ambient） | ||||||||||||||
| BCS Class | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Stability: | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. Protect from moisture. Hygroscopic. | ||||||||||||||
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | VISCOSITY CONTROLLING | ||||||||||||||
| InChI | 1S/ClH.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 | ||||||||||||||
| InChIKey | WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M | ||||||||||||||
| SMILES | [Cl-].[K+] | ||||||||||||||
| CAS DataBase Reference | 7447-40-7(CAS DataBase Reference) | ||||||||||||||
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Potassium chloride(7447-40-7) | ||||||||||||||
| EPA Substance Registry System | Potassium chloride (7447-40-7) |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | Xi,C,F,Xn,T |
| Risk Statements | 36-34-11-36/37/38-40-61-60 |
| Safety Statements | 24/25-39-26-22-23-45-36/37/39-16-36/37-53 |
| RIDADR | UN 1824 8 / PGII |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | TS8050000 |
| F | 8 |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| HS Code | 31042090 |
| Storage Class | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 7447-40-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 2600 mg/kg |
| Chemical Properties | Potassium chloride, KCI, also known as potassium muriate and sylvite, is a colorless crystalline solid with a salty taste that melts at 776°C (1420 OF). It is soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. Potassium chloride is used in fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, photography, and as a salt substitute. potassium chloride powder |
| Uses | Potassium chloride (KCl) is used in drug preparations and as a food additive and chemicalreagent. It is possible to reduce the sodium in your diet by substituting potassium chloride fortable salt (sodium chloride), which may be healthier. Molten potassium chloride is also usedin the electrolytic production of metallic potassium. KCl is also found in seawater brine andcan be extracted from the mineral carnallite. |
| Description | Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt that is used in a variety of areas. The dominant application of potassium chloride is to serve as a fertilizer, which offers potassium to plants and prevents them from certain diseases. Besides, it can be applied in food and medical industry. As a treatment for hypokalemia, potassium chloride pills are taken to balance the blood's potassium levels and prevent potassium deficiency in the blood. In food industry, it serves as a electrolyte replenisher and a good salt substitute for food, as well as a firming agent to give consistent texture to food, thus to strengthen its structure. |
| Chemical Properties | Potassium chloride occurs as odorless, colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder, with an unpleasant, saline taste. The crystal lattice is a face-centered cubic structure. Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineralsylvite (KCl) and as carnallite(KCl·MgCl2·6H2O); it is produced industriallyby fractional crystallizationof these deposits or of solutions fromlake brines. It has the interesting property of being more soluble than sodium chloride in hot water but less soluble in cold. It has low toxicity. |
| Uses |
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| Uses | About 4-5% of potash production is used in industrial applications (UNIDOIFDC, 1998). In 1996, the world supply of industrial grade potash was close to 1.35 Mt K2O. This industrial material is 98-99% pure, compared with the agricultural potash specification of 60% K2O minimum (equivalent to 95% KCl). Industrial potash should contain at least 62% K2O and have very low levels of Na, Mg, Ca, SO4 and Br. This high-grade potash is produced by only a few producers in worldwide. Potassium hydroxide (KOH), also known as caustic potash, is the largestvolume K product for non-fertilizer use. It is produced by the electrolysis of industrial KCl and is widely used for manufacturing soaps, detergents, grease, catalysts, synthetic rubber, matches, dyes and insecticides. Caustic potash is also as a liquid fertilizer and as an ingredient in alkaline batteries and photographic film processing chemicals. Potassium hydroxide is a raw material in the production of various K salts, mainly K carbonates, and also citrates, silicates, acetates, etc. Potassium carbonate confers excellent clarity to glass thus is used for most fine optical lenses, eyeglasses, fine crystal, glassware, chinaware and TV tubes. Potassium bicarbonate is used largely in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Potash-derived compounds and salts are also used in the production of metal fluxes, cured meats, tempered steel, paper fumigants, case hardened steel, bleaching agents, baking powder, cream of tartar and beverages. Worldwide, industrial KCl is estimated to be used as follows: detergents and soaps, 30-35%; glass and ceramics, 25-28%; textiles and dyes 20-22%; chemicals and drugs, 13-15%; and other uses, 7-5% (UNIDO-IFDC, 1998). |
| Uses | Potassium chloride (KCl), commonly referred to as muriate of potash, is the most common source of potash (K2O), and accounts for about 95 % of world potash production. Virtually all (90 %) commercial potash is extracted from natural sources of potassium salt deposits occurring in thin beds in large salt basins formed by the evaporation of ancient seas. Present-day salt lakes and natural brines represent about 10 % of total recoverable potash. Extraction is followed by milling, washing, screening, flotation, crystallization, refining and drying. More than 90 % of the total KCl consumption is used for fertilizer production. Production of potassium hydroxide accounts for more than 90 % of the non-fertilizer or industrial use of KCl. KOH is also used in the production of some agricultural-grade liquid fertilizers. uses of KCl include:
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| Uses | Potassium Chloride is a nutrient, dietary supplement, and gelling agent that exists as crystals or powder. it has a solubility of 1 g in 2.8 ml of water at 25°c and 1 g in 1.8 ml of boiling water. hydrochloric acid, and sodium chloride and magnesium chloride diminish its solubility in water. it is used as a salt substitute and mineral supple-ment. it has optional use in artificially sweetened jelly and preserves. it is used as a potassium source for certain types of carrageenan gels. it is used to replace sodium chloride in low-sodium foods. |
| Production Methods | Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite or sylvine;it also occurs in other minerals such as sylvinite, carnallite, andkainite. Commercially, potassium chloride is obtained by the solarevaporation of brine or by the mining of mineral deposits. |
| Definition | ChEBI: Potassium chloride is a metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. It has a role as a fertilizer. It is a potassium salt, an inorganic chloride and an inorganic potassium salt. |
| Brand name | Apo-k;Celeka;Durules-k;Kadalex;Kalinorm;Kalipor;Kalium durules;K-long;Miopotasio;Plenish-k;Potasion;Roychlor;Rum-k;Swiss-kal sr;Ultra-k-chlor. |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | Potassium chloride has been used for many years to correctpotassium deficiency. The use of fast-acting tablets has been associated withlesions of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, which have led to their general withdrawal. |
| General Description | Potassium chloride (KCl) is a water-soluble metal salt that comprises of potassium and chlorine. It can be extracted from minerals and salt water. KCl can be used in industries such as cosmetics, food, biomedical, chemical and fertilizer. |
| Air & Water Reactions | Hygroscopic. Water soluble. |
| Reactivity Profile | Potassium chloride is not in general strongly reactive. Violent reaction with BrF3 and with a mixture of sulfuric acid potassium permanganate mixture . Reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to generate fumes of hydrogen chloride. |
| Health Hazard | Potassium chloride is an essential constituent of the body for intracellular osmotic pressure and buffering, cell permeability, acid-base balance, muscle contraction and nerve function. SYMPTOMS: Large doses of Potassium chloride usually induce vomiting, so acute intoxication by mouth is rare. If no pre-existing kidney damage, it is rapidly excreted. Poisoning disturbs the rhythm of heart. Large doses by mouth can cause gastrointestinal irritation, purging, weakness, and circulatory disturbances. |
| Fire Hazard | Flammability data is not available, but Potassium chloride is probably nonflammable. |
| Flammability and Explosibility | Non flammable |
| reaction suitability | reaction type: Complexometric reactions |
| Agricultural Uses | Muriate of potash or potassium chloride (KCl), is a majorpotash fertilizer. It is water soluble and is generallyblended with other components to make it a multi-nutrientfertilizer. It has a higher salt index thanpotassium sulphate and is recommended for most cropsexcept tobacco, potato and grapes, which are sensitive tochloride ions. |
| Agricultural Uses | Potassium chloride (KCl), also known as muriate ofpotash, is generally blended with other components tomake it a multinutrient fertilizer. It is a white crystallinesolid, available in fine, coarse and granular grades. It isthe least expensive carrier of potassium in the fertilizermarket. This important fertilizer contains about 48 to52% plant food as potassium and about 48% chloride.Coarser potassium blends well with granular N-Pcompounds to form an NPK-blended multinutrientfertilizer. At least 78 % of the potassium salts are estimated to beconsumed worldwide, in the form of potassium chloride,and over 90% of all processed potassium is used asfertilizer. Muck, peat and sands are generally potassiumdeficient,whereas arid soils are mostly potassium-rich,with 448 kg/ha or more of readily available potassium. Potassium chloride is neutral and totally watersoluble.It can be applied to all soils and crops that are notsensitive to chlorides. Soluble soil-potassium is adsorbedand retained by soil colloids and thus prevented fromleaching. Roots take up potassium in the ionic form. Potassium chloride is best applied either while sowingor prior to it. However, when soils are light or coarsetextured,the applied potassium may be lost throughleaching. So, it is preferable to apply potassium in splitdoses. On heavy soils, the fertilizer is placed advantageously in bands, as in the case of phosphatic fertilizers. Potassium chloride is manufactured from potashminerals or brine. Sylvinite, which is a mixture ofpotassium chloride and halite, is the major potashmineral used for potassium chloride manufacture. Alarge percentage of potassium chloride is mined andrefined either by the floatation or crystallization process.Both processes, of which the floatation process is morecommon, involve the separation of potassium chloridefrom sodium chloride. Fine potassium chloride is a freeflowingmaterial which does not cake in dry places. |
| Pharmaceutical Applications | Potassium chloride is widely used in a variety of parenteral andnonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations. Its primary use, inparenteral and ophthalmic preparations, is to produce isotonicsolutions. Potassium chloride is also used therapeutically in the treatmentof hypokalemia. Many solid-dosage forms of potassium chloride exist including:tablets prepared by direct compression and granulation;effervescent tablets; coated, sustained-release tablets; sustained-release wax matrix tablets;microcapsules;pellets;and osmotic pump formulations. Experimentally, potassium chloride is frequently used as a modeldrug in the development of new solid-dosage forms, particularly forsustained-release or modified-release products.Potassium chloride is also used widely in the food industry as adietary supplement, pH control agent, stabilizer, thickener, andgelling agent. It can also be used in infant formulations. |
| Industrial uses | Potassium chloride is a colorless or white crystallinecompound of the composition KCl, usedfor molten salt baths for the heat treatment ofsteels. The specific gravity is 1.987. A bathcomposed of three parts potassium chloride andtwo parts barium chloride is used for hardeningcarbon-steel drills and other tools. Steel toolsheated in this bath and quenched in a 3% sulfuricacid solution have a very bright surface.A common bath is made up of potassium chlorideand common salt and can be used for temperaturesup to 900°C. Potassium chloride is used in the porcelainenamel industry as a setting-up agent in titaniumcover coats. In general, the quantities ofpotassium chloride, when used as an electrolyte,will be approximately the same as sodiumnitrite, which it replaces. However, KCl doesnot aid tearing resistance as does nitrite. Themain advantage in using potassium chloride isthe freedom from yellowing or creaming whenused in a blue-white enamel. Potassium chloridemay exert an adverse effect on the glossand may cause a slight decrease in the acidresistingproperties of the enamel, although thelatter effect is somewhat debatable. |
| Clinical Use | Hypokalaemia |
| Safety Profile | A human poison byingestion. Poison experimentally byingestion, intravenous, and intraperitonealroutes. Human systemic effects by ingestion:nausea, blood clotting changes, carhacarrhythmias. An eye irritant. Mutation datareported. Explosive reaction with BrF3;sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate.When heated to decomposition it emitstoxic fumes of K2O and Cl-. |
| Safety | Potassium chloride is used in a large number of pharmaceuticalformulations, including oral, parenteral, and topical preparations,both as an excipient and as a therapeutic agent. Potassium ions play an important role in cellular metabolismand imbalances can result in serious clinical effects. Orally ingestedpotassium chloride is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinaltract and excreted by the kidneys. Potassium chloride is moreirritant than sodium chloride when adminstered orally, andingestion of large quantities of potassium chloride can cause effectssuch as gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. High localized concentrations of potassium chloride in thegastrointestinal tract can cause ulceration: hence the development ofthe many enteric-coated and wax matrix sustained-release preparationsthat are available.Although it is claimed that someformulations cause less ulceration than others, it is often preferredto administer potassium chloride as an aqueous solution. However,solutions have also been associated with problems, mainly due totheir unpleasant taste. Parenterally, rapid injection of strong potassium chloridesolutions can cause cardiac arrest; in the adult, solutions shouldbe infused at a rate not greater than 750 mg/hour. Therapeutically, in adults, up to 10 g orally, in divided doses hasbeen administered daily, while intravenously up to 6 g daily hasbeen used. (guinea pig, oral): 2.5 g/kg (mouse, IP): 1.18 g/kg (mouse, IV): 0.12 g/kg (mouse, oral): 0.38 g/kg (rat, IP): 0.66 g/kg (rat, IV): 0.14 g/kg (rat, oral): 2.6 g/kg |
| Drug interactions | Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II antagonists: increased risk of hyperkalaemia. Ciclosporin: increased risk of hyperkalaemia. Potassium-sparing diuretics: increased risk of hyperkalaemia. Tacrolimus: increased risk of hyperkalaemia. |
| Metabolism | Potassium is excreted mainly by the kidneys; it is secreted in the distal tubules in exchange for sodium or hydrogen ions. Some potassium is excreted in the faeces and small amounts may also be excreted in sweat. |
| storage | Potassium chloride tablets become increasingly hard on storage atlow humidities. However, tablets stored at 76% relative humidityshowed no increase or only a slight increase in hardness.Theaddition of lubricants, such as 2% w/w magnesium stearate,reduces tablet hardness and hardness on aging.Aqueouspotassium chloride solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving orby filtration. Potassium chloride is stable and should be stored in a well-closedcontainer in a cool, dry place. |
| Purification Methods | Dissolve it in conductivity water, filter it, and saturate it with chlorine (generated from conc HCl and KMnO4). Excess chlorine is boiled off, and the KCl is precipitated by HCl (generated by dropping conc HCl into conc H2SO4). The precipitate is washed with water, dissolved in conductivity water at 90-95o, and crystallised by cooling to about -5o. The crystals are drained at the centrifuge, dried in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature, then fused in a platinum dish under N2, cooled and stored in a desiccator. Potassium chloride has also been sublimed in a stream of pre-purified N2 gas and collected by electrostatic discharge [Craig & McIntosh Can J Chem 30 448 1952]. |
| Incompatibilities | Potassium chloride reacts violently with bromine trifluoride andwith a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate. Thepresence of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and magnesiumchloride decreases the solubility of potassium chloride in water.Aqueous solutions of potassium chloride form precipitates withlead and silver salts. Intravenous aqueous potassium chloride solutions are incompatiblewith protein hydrolysate. |
| Regulatory Status | GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in theFDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections, ophthalmic preparations,oral capsules, and tablets). Included in nonparenteral andparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the CanadianList of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. |
| References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00761 http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-potassium-chloride-uses-formula-side-effects.html |
Potassium chloride Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Raw materials | Hydrochloric acid-->Potassium carbonate-->Magnesium sulfate-->Potassium hydroxide-->Sodium chloride-->Chlorine-->Barium chloride dihydrate-->Ampicillin-->Octadecanamine-->Microcrystalline cellulose-->BITTERN-->carnallite-->Oxyparaffin soap-->FELDSPAR-->MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM CHLORIDE |
| Preparation Products | Potassium dichromate-->Phosphorus-->Potassium nitrate-->Potassium Phosphate Monobasic-->Potassium sulfate-->Mixed and compound fertilizer-->Potassium chlorate-->Potassium bicarbonate-->Ampicillin-->Chromium(III) oxide-->Potassium bromate-->Magnesium chloride hexahydrate-->Magnesium chloride-->Compound fertilizer-->SODIUM SULFATE DECAHYDRATE-->Nitrogen phosphorus potassium mixed fertilizer-->Adenine-->Tetrapotassium hexacyanoferrate trihydrate-->Sodium alginate-->Potassium ferrocyanide trihyrate-->4,4'-Oxydianiline-->β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-->Potassium tetrafluoroborate-->1,3-THIAZOLIDIN-2-ONE-->Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium compound fertilizer with sulphur-->Silicic acid, aluminum potassium sodium salt-->Gestodene-->Compound fertilizer of potassium sulfate-->carnallite-->Compound fertilizer,high concentration-->Potassium perchlorate-->Prostaglandin E2-->Potassium hexafluorozirconate-->REACTIVE VIOLET 5-->MERCURY(II) IODIDE-->Potassium fluorosilicate-->barium fluxing agent-->Furcellaran-->PROCESSEDEUCHEUMASEAWEED |
