CAS 22059-60-5|Disopyramid phosphate
| Common Name | Disopyramid phosphate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 22059-60-5 | Molecular Weight | 437.47000 |
| Density | / | Boiling Point | 505.2ºC at 760 mmHg |
| Molecular Formula | C21H32N3O5P | Melting Point | / |
| MSDS | ChineseUSA | Flash Point | 259.4ºC |
| Symbol | GHS07 | Signal Word | Warning |
Names
| Name | 4-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]-2-phenyl-2-pyridin-2-ylbutanamide,phosphoric acid |
|---|---|
| Synonym | More Synonyms |
Disopyramid phosphate BiologicalActivity
| Description | Disopyramide phosphate is a class IA antiarrhythmic drug with efficacy in ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. Disopyramide phosphate blocks the fast inward sodium current of cardiac muscle and prolongs the duration of cardiac action potentials. Disopyramide phosphate inhibits HERG encoded potassium channels. Disopyramide phosphate also exhibits complex protein binding, and has a potent negative inotropic action[1][2][3]. |
|---|---|
| Related Catalog | Signaling Pathways >>Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >>Sodium ChannelResearch Areas >>Cardiovascular DiseaseSignaling Pathways >>Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >>Potassium Channel |
| In Vitro | HERG tail currents recorded at -40 mV following test pulses to +30 mV were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by Disopyramide concentrations within the clinical range (IC50=7.23 μM)[1]. |
| References | [1]. S V Jones, et al. Non-competitive Effects of Disopyramide at the Neuromuscular Junction: Evidence for Endplate Ion Channel Block. Br J Anaesth. 1987 Jun;59(6):776-83. [2]. L A Siddoway, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Disopyramide. Clin Pharmacokinet. May-Jun 1986;11(3):214-22. [3]. A A Paul, et al. Inhibition of HERG Potassium Channel Current by the Class 1a Antiarrhythmic Agent Disopyramide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Feb 9;280(5):1243-50. |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| Boiling Point | 505.2ºC at 760 mmHg |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C21H32N3O5P |
| Molecular Weight | 437.47000 |
| Flash Point | 259.4ºC |
| Exact Mass | 437.20800 |
| PSA | 146.79000 |
| LogP | 3.13360 |
| Vapour Pressure | 2.48E-10mmHg at 25°C |
| InChIKey | CGDDQFMPGMYYQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CC(C)N(CCC(C(N)=O)(c1ccccc1)c1ccccn1)C(C)C.O=P(O)(O)O |
| Storage condition | 2-8°C |
Toxicological Information
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION |
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA - TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 60 mg/kg/10D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - hypoglycemia
- REFERENCE :
- NYSJAM New York State Journal of Medicine. (Medical Soc. of the State of New York, POB 5405, Lake Success, NY 11042) V.1- 1901- Volume(issue)/page/year: 83,1057,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 43 mg/kg/5D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - hypoglycemia
- REFERENCE :
- NYSJAM New York State Journal of Medicine. (Medical Soc. of the State of New York, POB 5405, Lake Success, NY 11042) V.1- 1901- Volume(issue)/page/year: 83,1057,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 214 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- JATOD3 Journal of Analytical Toxicology. (Preston Pub. Inc., POB 48312, Niles, IL 60648) V.1- 1977- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,255,1982
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 8 mg/kg/1D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - liver function tests impaired Blood - change in clotting factors Blood - thrombocytopenia
- REFERENCE :
- SMJOAV Southern Medical Journal. (Southern Medical Assoc., POB 2446, Birmingham, AL 35205) V.1- 1908- Volume(issue)/page/year: 75,496,1982
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1429 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - hypoglycemia
- REFERENCE :
- NNGAAS Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. Journal of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. (Nippon Naika Gakkai, 33-5, 3-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan) V.1- 1913- Volume(issue)/page/year: 72,1177,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 30 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - urine volume decreased Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease
- REFERENCE :
- MJAUAJ Medical Journal of Australia. (Australasian Medical Pub. Co. Ltd., 71-79 Arundel St., Glebe, N.S.W., Australia) V.1- 1914- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,335,1978
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 45 mg/kg/1W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - coma
- REFERENCE :
- SMJOAV Southern Medical Journal. (Southern Medical Assoc., POB 2446, Birmingham, AL 35205) V.1- 1908- Volume(issue)/page/year: 76,1453,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 20 mg/kg/3D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction) Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP
- REFERENCE :
- AHJOA2 American Heart Journal. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1925- Volume(issue)/page/year: 105,870,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 880 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 255 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 41 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - ptosis Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Skin and Appendages - hair
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,133,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 820 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 190 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 680 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 81 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 30 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,147,1980 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 8400 mg/kg/28D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - ptosis Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,51,1984
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5600 mg/kg/35D-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - changes in adrenal weight Endocrine - changes in thymus weight Related to Chronic Data - death
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,991,1987
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2800 mg/kg/4W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - hyperglycemia Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,133,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1800 mg/kg/30D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data - death
- REFERENCE :
- YACHDS Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Raifu Saiensu Shuppan K.K., 2-5-13, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9(Suppl 1),5,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1575 mg/kg/5W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Related to Chronic Data - death
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,147,1980 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 2240 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 17-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 26 day(s) post-birth
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,111,1984
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 770 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-17 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 10,87,1984
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 4095 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 10 week(s) pre-mating female 2 week(s) pre-mating - 7 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,145,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 1820 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 10 week(s) pre-mating female 2 week(s) pre-mating - 7 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,145,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 600 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 17-22 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,175,1981
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 330 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-17 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
- REFERENCE :
- JZKEDZ Jitchuken Zenrinsho Kenkyuho. Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Research Reports. (Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyusho, 1433 Nogawa, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 211, Japan) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,157,1981 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X4711 No. of Facilities: 146 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 5578 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 3263 (estimated)
Safety Information
| Symbol | GHS07 |
|---|---|
| Signal Word | Warning |
| Hazard Statements | H302 |
| Precautionary Statements | P301 + P312 + P330 |
| Personal Protective Equipment | dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves |
| Hazard Codes | Xn: Harmful; |
| Risk Phrases | R22 |
| Safety Phrases | 36 |
| RIDADR | NONH for all modes of transport |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | UR8440000 |
Articles27
More Articles| A review of the effects of disopyramide phosphate on left ventricular function and the peripheral circulation. Angiology 38(2 Pt 2) , 174-83, (1987) In the absence of preexistent myocardial dysfunction, the risk of producing cardiac decompensation in patients being treated with any of the conventional antiarrhythmic agents is low. The availability... | |
| [Disopyramide phosphate: the electrophysiological mechanisms of its anti-arrhythmia action and its use in clinical practice]. Kardiologiia 25(5) , 114-8, (1985) | |
| Disopyramide-induced hypoglycemia in a non-diabetic hemodialysis patient: a case report and review of the literature. Clin. Nephrol. 76(5) , 401-6, (2011) Disopyramide, an antiarrhythmic drug, has been reported to cause hypoglycemia; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Pre-existing factors that increase the concentration of the drug in the... |
Synonyms
| 2-(1-(Ammoniocarbonyl)-3-(diisopropylammonio)-1-phenylpropyl)pyridinium phosphate |
| [14C]-Disopyramide phosphate |
| SC 7031 phosphate |
| Disopyramid |
| DISOPYRAMIDE PHOSPHATE SALT |
| (RS)-4-diisopropylamino-2-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)butyramide phosphate |
| Norpace |
| EINECS 244-756-1 |
| Norpace Cr |
| DISOPYRAMIDE PHOSPHATE |
| Disopyramide phosphate |
