Arabic gum CAS 9000-01-5
Introduction：Basic information about Arabic gum CAS 9000-01-5, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
Arabic gum Basic informationOverview Applications Biological and pharmacological effects Adverse effects and Toxicity References
| Product Name: | Arabic gum |
| Synonyms: | acaciadealbatagum;acaciasenegal;acaciasyrup;australiangum;gumdragon;gumovaline;gumsenegal;nci-c50748 |
| CAS: | 9000-01-5 |
| MF: | N/A |
| MW: | 0 |
| EINECS: | 232-519-5 |
| Product Categories: | |
| Mol File: | Mol File |
Arabic gum Chemical Properties
| density | 1.35 |
| FEMA | 2001 | ACACIA GUM (ACACIA SENEGAL (L.) WILLD.) |
| storage temp. | Sealed in dry,Room Temperature |
| solubility | water: soluble |
| form | fine powder |
| color | White to yellow-beige |
| Specific Gravity | 1.35-1.49 |
| Odor | ylsh.-wh. angular fragments, odorless |
| PH Range | 4.1 - 4.8 |
| Odor Type | Bland |
| biological source | plant (Acacia) |
| Water Solubility | Water soluble. Aqueous solution is acidic to litmus. |
| Merck | 14,14 |
| Stability: | Stable. Incompatible with alcohols, oxidizing agents. |
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | FILM FORMING FRAGRANCE |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) | Arabic gum (9000-01-5) |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 9000-01-5 |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Gum arabic (9000-01-5) |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | Xi |
| Risk Statements | 36-36/37/38 |
| Safety Statements | 26-36/37/39-27 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | CE5945000 |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| HS Code | 13012000 |
| Storage Class | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 9000-01-5(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | LD50 orl-rat: >16 g/kg FDRLI* 124,-,76 |
| Overview | Gum arabic[GA] is a branched-chain, complex polysaccharide, either neutral or slightly acidic, found as a mixed calcium, magnesium and potassium salt of a polysaccharidic acid[1-3]. Its backbone is composed of 1,3-linked b-D-galactopyranosyl units. The side chains are composed of two to five 1,3-linked b-D-galactopyranosyl units, joined to the main chain by 1,6-linkages. Figure 1 Arabic gum[piece and powder]. |
| Applications | GA has wide industrial uses as a stabilizer, thickening agent and emulsifier, mainly in the food industry[e.g. in soft drinks syrup, gummy candies and marshmallows], but also in the textile, pottery, lithography, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries[3]. In folk medicine, GA has been reported to be used internally for the treatment of inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, and externally to cover inflamed surfaces[4]. Some recent reports have claimed that GA possesses anti-oxidant, nephroprotectant and other effects[4-6]. Clinically, it has been tried in patients with chronic renal failure, and it was claimed that it helps reduce urea and creatinine plasma concentrations and reduces the need for dialysis from 3 to 2 times per week[7]. |
| Biological and pharmacological effects | Lipid mechanism GA increased cholesterol biosynthesis in rats fed a cholesterol-containing diet, but had no effect in rats on a cholesterol-free diet[8]. Ross et al.[9] and Sharma[10] reported reductions of total serum cholesterol by 6% and 10.4%, respectively when subjects received 25 g/day and 30 g/day of GA for periods of 21 and 30 days. The decrease was confined to LDL and VLDL cholesterol only, with no effect on HDL and triglycerides. Blood glucose level Mixtures of different types of gum have been shown to inhibit glucose movement in vitro, and lower postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin in human subjects when incorporated in a drink containing 50 g glucose[11,12]. Gastrointestinal tract GA can improve small intestinal absorption of water as well as electrolytes[13,14]. Various mechanism[s] have been proposed to account for the proabsorptive effects of GA on intestinal water and electrolytes under normal conditions and more so in conditions of diarrheal illness[15]. GA is a soluble fiber with moderate emulsifying properties[16] that may result in greater accessibility of electrolytes and associated water to the microvillous membrane. This was probably reflected in the increased lumen-to-serosa water influx noted with GA administration in the chronic osmotic-secretory diarrhea model[14]. Tooth mineralization It has been shown, using histopathological methods, that GA has the ability to enhance remineralization[17], probably by supporting other remineralization activities. This supporting role was ascribed to the rich content of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ salts of polysaccharides in GA, and to the effect of the gum on the metabolism of Ca2+ and possibly phosphate. |
| Adverse effects and Toxicity | No significant adverse or toxic actions have been associated with the use of GA. |
| References |
|
| Description | Acacia gum is an odourless white to yellow-white powder. It is soluble in water and incompatiblewith alcohol and oxidising agents and precipitates. It gels on addition of solutionsof ferric salts, borax, lead subacetate, alcohol, sodium silicate, gelatin, and ammoniatedtincture of guaiac. It is non-toxic and non-hazardous. It is a water-soluble gum from severalspecies of the acacia tree, especially Acacia senegal and A. arabica, and used in themanufacture of adhesives and ink and as a binding medium for marbling colours.Gum arabic is also known as gum acacia and is a natural gum made of hardened saptaken from two species of the Acacia tree – Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. Gum arabic isa natural product of the Acacia senegal tree, occurring as an exudate from the trunks andbranches. It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabiliser but has had more varieduses. It is normally collected by hand when dried, when it resembles a hard, amber-likeresin normally referred to as ‘tears’. Gum arabic is widely used in the food industry asan emulsifier, thickener, and flavouring and thickening agent. It is employed as a soothingagent in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts andis useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. It exerts a soothing influence upon all the surfaceswith which it comes in contact. Gum acacia is an ingredient of all the official Trochisci andvarious syrups, pastes, and pastilles or jujubes. During the time of the gum harvest, theMoors of the desert are said to live almost entirely on it, and it has been proved that 6 oz.is sufficient to support an adult for 24 h.Gum acacia is highly nutritious, is a mixture of saccharides and glycoproteins, and providesthe properties of a glue and binder suitable for human edibility. In many cases of disease,it is considered that a solution of gum arabic may for a time constitute the exclusive drink and food of the patient. Gum arabic reduces the surface tension of liquids, whichleads to increased fizzing in carbonated drinks. |
| Chemical Properties | Acacia gum is a white to yellow-white odorless powder. It is soluble in water and incom-patible with alcohol, oxidizing agents, and precipitates or forms jellies on addition of solutions of ferric salts, borax, lead subacetate, alcohol, sodium silicate, gelatin, ammoni-ated tincture of guaiac. It is non-toxic and non-hazardous. A water-soluble gum from several species of the acacia tree, especially Acacia senegal and A. Arabica, it is used in the manufacture of adhesives and ink, and as a binding medium for marbling colors.Gum arabic, also known as gum acacia, chaar gund, or char goond, is a natural gum made of hardened sap taken from two species of the acacia tree—A. senegal and A. seyal. Gum arabic is a natural product of the A. senegal tree, occurring as an exudate from the trunks and branches. It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer, but has had more varied uses. It is normally collected by hand when dried, when it resembles a hard, amber-like resin normally referred to as “tears.” Gum arabic is widely used in the food industry, as an emulsifi er, thickener, and fl avor enhancer. It is employed as a soothing agent in infl ammatory conditions of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tract, and is useful in diarrhea and dysentery. It exerts a soothing infl uence on all the surfaces with which it comes in contact. Gum acacia is an ingredient of all the offi cial Trochisci, and various syrups, pastes, and pastilles or jujubes. During the time of the gum harvest, the Moors of the desert are said to live almost entirely on it, and it has been proved that 6 oz is suffi cient to support an adult for 24 h. Gum acacia is a mixture of saccharides and glycoproteins, is highly nutritious, and provides the properties of a glue, and a binder suitable for human consumption. In many cases of disease, it is considered that a solu-tion of gum arabic may, for a time,constitute the exclusive drink and food of the patient. Gum arabic reduces the surface tension of liquids, which leads to increased fi zzing in carbonated drinks. |
| Chemical Properties | white to yellow-white powder |
| Chemical Properties | Acacia is available as white or yellowish-white thin flakes,spheroidal tears, granules, powder, or spray-dried powder. It isodorless and has a bland taste. |
| Chemical Properties | Arabic.or.acacia.gum.is.the.dried.exudate.obtained.from.the.stems.and.branches.of.Acacia senegal (L.).Willd.or.of. related.species.of.Acacia..Injured.trees.exude.gum.Arabic;.heat,.poor.nutrition.and.drought.stimulate.its.production..Most.of.the.gum. Arabic.production.is.from.wild.trees,.but.some.from.privately.owned.and.cultivated.gardens.are.tapped.and.collected.on.a.systematic. basis. The.gum.called.Hashab.geneina.(garden.gum).is.the.cleanest.and.lightest.grade.and.is.most.preferred.for.the.U.S..market..The.wild. gum.(called.Hashab.wady).is.collected.on.a.part-time.basis.in.the.dry.season,.from.October.to.May.or.June,.by.natives.whose.main. occupation.is.usually.farming..After.gathering,.it.is.taken.to.central.collecting.stations.where.it.is.auctioned.under.government.supervision,.graded.by.hand.and.dried.before.exporting.to.gum.suppliers.in.all.parts.of.the.world..Then.it.is.resorted,.ground,.processed. and.graded.to.various.specifications Clear,.white.(sun-bleached).spheroidal.tears,.up.to.32.mm.in.diameter,.also.occur.as.flakes..Chemically,.gum.Arabic.is.a.neutral.or. slightly.acid.salt.of.a.complex.polysaccharide.containing.calcium,.magnesium.and.potassium.cations..Its.most.distinguishing.property.among.the.natural.gums.is.its.extreme.solubility.in.water..Solutions.of.over.50%.concentration.may.be.prepared..Gum.Arabic. is.best.described.as.“heteropolymolecular,”.that.is,.a.polymer.system.having.either.a.variation.in.monomer.(galactose,.arabinose,. rhamnose,.glucuronic.acid.and.4-O-methylgucuronic.acid).composition.and/or.variation.in.the.mode.of.linking.and.branching.of.the. monomer.units,.in.addition.to.a.distribution.in.molecular.weight. Major.uses.of.gum.Arabic.in.foods.are.as.a.fixative.for.flavors,.a.foam.stabilizer.in.beverages,.an.adhesive.for.icings.and.toppings,. and.an.emulsifier.and.stabilizer.in.confectionary.and.ice.cream.It.is.also.widely.used.in.the.pharmaceutical,.cosmetic,.paper,.textile,. paint,ink.and.lithography.industries. |
| Uses | A gum obtained from breaks or wounds in the bark of acacia trees. It dissolves in hot or cold water forming clear solutions which can be up to 50% gum acacia. The solubility in water increases with temperature. It is used in confectionary glazes to retard or prevent sugar crystallization and acts as an emulsifier to prevent fat from forming an oxidizable, greasy film. It functions as a flavor fixative in spray-drying to form a thin film around the flavor particle. It also functions as an emulsifier in flavor emulsions, as a cloud agent in beverages, and as a form stabilizer. It is also termed acacia. |
| Uses | As mucilage, excipient for tablets, size, emulsifier, thickener, also in candy, other foods; as colloidal stabilizer. In the manufacture of spray-dried "fixed" flavorsstable, powdered flavors used in packaged dry-mix products (puddings, desserts, cake mixes) where flavor stability and long shelf life are important. |
| Uses | acacia (Acacia senegal)(acacia gum; black catechu; gum acacia; gum Arabic) is commonly used in traditional remedies as a soothing and anti-inflammatory agent. It is also used as a vegetable gum for product thickening. In extract form, acacia is recommended for dry, sensitive, or delicate skin. Acacia is the dried gummy sap from the stems and branches of various species of the African acacia tree. It may cause skin rashes in cases of allergy. |
| Production Methods | Acacia is the dried gummy exudate obtained from the stems andbranches of Acacia senegal (Linné ) Willdenow or other relatedspecies of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosae) that grow mainly in theSudan and Senegal regions of Africa. The bark of the tree is incised and the exudate allowed to dry onthe bark. The dried exudate is then collected, processed to removebark, sand, and other particulate matter, and graded. Various acaciagrades differing in particle size and other physical properties arethus obtained. A spray-dried powder is also commercially available. |
| Definition | The dried, water-soluble exudatefrom the stems of Acacia senegal or related species. |
| Taste threshold values | Absolute;.taste.characteristics.at.15.ppm:.spicy.sweet,.fruity.and.honey.with.a.woody,.herbal.nuance |
| General Description | White powder. |
| Air & Water Reactions | Water soluble. Aqueous solution is acid to litmus. |
| Reactivity Profile | Arabic gum reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Arabic gum precipitates out of solution or jellies upon addition of solutions of ferric salts, borax, basic lead acetate, alcohol, sodium silicate, gelatin or ammoniated tincture of guaiac. |
| Health Hazard | Exposures to gum arabica dust produce a weak allergen reaction. Prolonged periods of dust inhalation may cause allergic respiratory reaction, headache, coughing, dizziness, dyspnea, respiratory symptoms such as asthma, watery nose and eyes, cough, wheezing, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, and urticaria. Hives, eczema, and swelling may also occur. Ingestion and inhalation of gum acacia is considered non-toxic, but sensitive individuals may develop symptoms of mild toxicity. |
| Fire Hazard | Flash point data for Arabic gum are not available; however, Arabic gum is probably combustible. |
| Pharmaceutical Applications | Acacia is mainly used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulationsas a suspending and emulsifying agent, often in combinationwith tragacanth. It is also used in the preparation of pastilles andlozenges, and as a tablet binder, although if used incautiously it canproduce tablets with a prolonged disintegration time. Acacia hasalso been evaluated as a bioadhesive; and has been used in noveltablet formulations,and modified release tablets. Acacia is also used in cosmetics, confectionery, food products,and spray-dried flavors. |
| Biochem/physiol Actions | Gum arabic (GA) is reported to be a strong anti-oxidant and has shown protection against nephrotoxicity in mice by the generation of free radicals. GA also reduced the blood glucose concentration by initiating the release of insulin from the pancreatic β cells. It has hypolipidemic effect by increasing fecal bile acid and modification of lipid digestion. It is a potential therapeutic agent in hepatic and renal failures. It contains enzymes like oxidases, pectinases and peroxidases that act against microbes that cause tooth decay. Gum arabic is implicated in adverse effects like suppression of macrophage activation. |
| Safety Profile | Very low toxicity by ingestion.Inhalation or ingestion has produced hives, eczema, andangiodema. Experimental reproductive effects. A severeeye irritant. A weak allergen. Mutation data reported.Combustible. When heated to decomposition it emitsacrid |
| Safety | Acacia is used in cosmetics, foods, and oral and topicalpharmaceutical formulations. Although it is generally regarded asan essentially nontoxic material, there have been a limited numberof reports of hypersensitivity to acacia after inhalation oringestion.Severe anaphylactic reactions have occurred followingthe parenteral administration of acacia and it is now no longerused for this purpose. The WHO has not set an acceptable daily intake for acacia as afood additive because the levels necessary to achieve a desired effectwere not considered to represent a hazard to health. LD50 (hamster, oral): >18 g/kg LD50 (mouse, oral): >16 g/kg LD50 (rabbit, oral): 8.0 g/kg LD50 (rat, oral): >16 g/kg |
| storage | Aqueous solutions are subject to bacterial or enzymatic degradationbut may be preserved by initially boiling the solution for a shorttime to inactivate any enzymes present; microwave irradiation canalso be used. Aqueous solutions may also be preserved by theaddition of an antimicrobial preservative such as 0.1% w/v benzoicacid, 0.1% w/v sodium benzoate, or a mixture of 0.17% w/vmethylparaben and 0.03% propylparaben. Powdered acacia shouldbe stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place. |
| Incompatibilities | amidopyrine, apomorphine, cresol, ethanol (95%), ferric salts,morphine, phenol, physostigmine, tannins, thymol, and vanillin. An oxidizing enzyme present in acacia may affect preparationscontaining easily oxidizable substances. However, the enzyme maybe inactivated by heating at 100℃ for a short time. Many salts reduce the viscosity of aqueous acacia solutions,while trivalent salts may initiate coagulation. Aqueous solutionscarry a negative charge and will form coacervates with gelatin andother substances. In the preparation of emulsions, solutions ofacacia are incompatible with soaps. |
| Regulatory Status | GRAS listed. Accepted for use in Europe as a food additive.Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral preparationsand buccal or sublingual tablets). Included in the CanadianList of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. Included in nonparenteralmedicines licensed in the UK. |
Arabic gum Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Preparation Products | adhesive of type Dongfeng F-->adhesive of type Dongfeng-->FEMA 2817 |
