| Description | Bosentan was introduced in the US as a twice-daily oral treatment for pulmonaryarterial hypertension. It can be synthesized in five steps via condensation of diethyl (2-methoxyphenoxy)malonate with pyrimidine-2-carboxamidine to give the precursor of thesymmetrical central dichloropyrimidine ring which is then successively treated with thepotassium salt of 4-tert-butylbenzenesulfonamide and the sodium salt of ethylene gycol.Bosentan is the first endothelin (ET) receptor antagonist to be launched. ET-1, the mostpotent endogenous vasoconstrictor known, has been demonstrated to play a major role inthe functional and structural changes observed in pulmonary hypertension. Bosentan is amixed ETA and ETB receptor antagonist that inhibits the pulmonary arterial vasoconstrictingeffect of ET-1 predominantly mediated via ETA receptors on smooth muscle cells. In ahypoxia-induced model of pulmonary hypertension in rat, it reduced the development ofpulmonary hypertension as well as right ventricular hypertrophy and prevented pulmonaryarterial remodeling. In clinical trials, patients treated with bosentan showed a 20% increasein exercise capacity compared to placebo as measured by the six minute walk test.Bosentan not only improved the distance walked by patients but also significantlydecreased mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean pulmonary vascular resistance, meancapillary wedge pressure and mean right atrial pressure. It demonstrated a beneficialselectivity for the pulmonary vasculature since it had no significant effect on mean aorticblood pressure and systolic vascular resistance. The compound is hepatically metabolizedinto three major metabolites by CYP3A4 and 2C9 and almost exclusively eliminated in thebile. Although large interspecies differences in systemic plasma clearance was observed(1.5 mL/min/kg in dogs to 72 mL/min/kg in rabbits), a satisfactory systemic clearance (2mL/min/kg) was measured in human. The most frequent adverse effect was reversibleelevation of liver transaminases. This adverse reaction appears to be due to intracellularaccumulation of cytotoxic bile salts resulting from inhibition of the hepatocanalicular bilesalt export pump by bosentan. |
| Chemical Properties | Pale Yellow to Off-White Solid |
| Originator | Roche (Switzerland) |
| Uses | A mixed endothelin receptor antagonist. Used as a vasodilator. Antihypertensive. |
| Uses | Bosentan is a mixed endothelin receptor antagonist. Used as a vasodilator. Antihypertensive. |
| Definition | ChEBI: Bosentan is a sulfonamide, a member of pyrimidines and a primary alcohol. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent and an endothelin receptor antagonist. |
| Manufacturing Process | 4-t-butyl-N-[6-chloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]benzenesulphonamide were heated to 100°C, cooled for a further 4 hours,poured on to ice and adjusted to pH 3 with 1 M tartaric acid. The suspensionobtained was extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic extracts werecombined, washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel withCH2Cl2-ethyl acetate 9:1 and yielded 4-t-butyl-N-[6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]benzenesulphonamide asa solid. Sodium salt melted at 195°-198°C.
The 4-t-butyl-N-[6-chloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-pyrimidin-2-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]benzenesulfonamide was prepared starting from pyrimidine-2-carboxamidine hydrochloride via rac-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione and 4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2'-bipyrimidine. |
| Brand name | Tracleer (Actelion). |
| Therapeutic Function | Endothelin receptor antagonist |
| General Description | Bosentan, N-[6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-pyrimidin-2-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-4-tertbutyl-benzenesulfonamide (Tracleer, Bozentan), was thefirst endothelin receptor antagonist marketed in the UnitedStates. Bosentan works by competitively blocking the endothelinreceptor subtypes ETA and ETB. In binding to thereceptors, it blocks the effects of endothelin, which includeconstriction of the vascular smooth muscle, which leads tonarrowing of the blood vessels and hypertension. Althoughit is not selective for the ETA receptors, it does have a higheraffinity for that subtype over ETB. However, the clinical significanceof selectivity over preferential receptor bindinghas not been demonstrated. Bosentan is an inducer ofCYP2C9 and CYP3A4, and patients using bosentan must bemonitored for liver toxicity. |
| Hazard | A reproductive hazard. |
| Pharmacokinetics | Bosentan is mainlyeliminated from the body by hepatic metabolism and subsequent biliary excretion of the metabolites. Three metaboliteshave been identified, formed by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. The pharmacokinetics of bosentan aredose-proportional up to 500 mg/day (multiple doses). The pharmacokinetics of bosentan in pediatric patients with PAHare comparable to those in healthy subjects, whereas adult patients with PAH show a twofold increase in clearance.Severe renal impairment and mild hepatic impairment do not have a clinically relevant influence on itspharmacokinetics. Bosentan generally should be avoided in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairmentand/or elevated liver aminotransferases. Inhibitors of CYP3A4 increase the plasma concentration of bosentan as wellas cause an increase in the clearance of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 because of induction of thesemetabolizing enzymes. The possibility of reduced efficacy of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrates coadministered withbosentan is increased. No clinically relevant interaction was detected for P-glycoprotein. Bosentan can increaseplasma levels of ET-1. |
| Clinical Use | Bosentan is an orally administered, nonselective ET-1 receptor antagonist blocking ETA and ETB receptors and isapproved for the treatment of patients with PAH. Following oral administration, bosentan attains peak plasmaconcentrations in approximately 3 hours, with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 50%. Food has no clinicallyrelevant effect on its absorption recommended doses. Bosentan is approximately 98% bound to albumin, with a volumeof distribution of 30 L. Its terminal half-life after oral administration is 5.4 hours and is unchanged at steady state. |
| Side effects | Adverse effects include hypotension, headache, flushing, increased liver aminotransferases, legedema, and anemia. Bosentan may cause birth defects and, therefore, is contraindicated in pregnancy. It also cancause liver injury. |
| Drug interactions | Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs Antibacterials: concentration reduced by rifampicin - avoid. Antidiabetics: increased risk of hepatoxicity with glibenclamide - avoid. Antifungals: fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole cause large increases in concentration of bosentan - avoid. Antivirals: concentration of bosentan increased by lopinavir and ritonavir - consider reducing bosentan dose; telaprevir concentration reduced and bosentan concentration possibly increased; avoid with tipranavir. Ciclosporin: When ciclosporin and bosentan are co-administered, initial trough concentrations of bosentan are 30 times higher than normal. At steady state, trough levels are 3-4 times higher than normal. Blood concentrations of ciclosporin decreased by 50% - avoid. Cytotoxics: concentration of bosutinib possibly reduced - avoid. Guanfacine: concentration of guanfacine possibly reduced - increase guanfacine dose. Lipid lowering agents: concentration of simvastatin reduced by 45% - monitor cholesterol levels and adjust dose of statin. Oestrogens, progestogens and ulipristal: may be failure of contraception - use alternative method. |
| Metabolism | Upon multiple dosing, plasma concentrations of bosentan decrease gradually to 50%-65% of those seen after single dose administration. This decrease is probably due to auto-induction of metabolising liver enzymes. Steadystate conditions are reached within 3-5 days.Bosentan is eliminated by biliary excretion following metabolism in the liver by the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. Bosentan forms three metabolites and only one of these is pharmacologically active. This metabolite is mainly excreted unchanged via the bile. In adult patients, the exposure to the active metabolite is greater than in healthy subjects. In patients with evidence of the presence of cholestasis, the exposure to the active metabolite may be increased. |
| storage | Store at +4°C |
