Eplerenone CAS 107724-20-9

Introduction：Basic information about Eplerenone CAS 107724-20-9, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.

Eplerenone Basic information

• Product Name: Eplerenone
• Synonyms: plerenone;(2'R,4aS,4bR,5aR,6aS,9aS,9bR,10R)-Methyl 4a,6a-diMethyl-2,4'-dioxo-3,4,4a,4',5a,5',6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10,11-tetradecahydro-2H,3'H-spiro[cyclopenta[1,2]phenanthro[4,4a-b]oxirene-7,2'-furan]-10-carboxylate;Eplerenone [USAN];HSDB 7522;Pregn-4-ene-7,21-dicarboxylic acid, 9,11-epoxy-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-, gamma-lactone, methyl ester, (7alpha,11alpha,17alpha)-;Eplerenone intermediate Eplerenone;(7α,11α,17α)-9,11-epoxy-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-γ-lactone-pregn-4-ene-7,21-dicarboxylic acid-7-methyl ester;Eplerenone for system suitability
• CAS: 107724-20-9
• MF: C24H30O6
• MW: 414.49
• EINECS: 600-850-8
• Product Categories: Cardiovascular APIs;Inspra;Antihypertensive;Steroid and Hormone;Chiral Reagents;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Steroids
• Mol File: 107724-20-9.mol

Eplerenone Chemical Properties

• Melting point: 241-243°C
• alpha: D +5° (c = 0.437 in chloroform)
• Boiling point: 597.9±50.0 °C(Predicted)
• density: 1.31±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
• storage temp.: Store at RT
• solubility: DMSO: soluble2mg/mL, clear (warmed)
• form: powder
• color: white to beige
• λmax: 240nm(lit.)
• Merck: 14,3625
• Major Application: pharmaceutical
• InChIKey: UZZAHAKTLYRDOK-MGIDJNSKSA-N
• SMILES: [C@@]123[C@@]4(C)CCC(=O)C=C4C[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@]1([H])[C@]1([H])CC[C@]4(CCC(=O)O4)[C@]1(C[C@@]2([H])O3)C |&1:0,1,10,15,17,21,27,29,r|

Safety Information

• RIDADR: 3077
• WGK Germany: 3
• HS Code: 29322090
• Storage Class: 11 - Combustible Solids
• Hazardous Substances Data: 107724-20-9(Hazardous Substances Data)

Eplerenone Usage And Synthesis

Description

Eplerenone is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. Eplerenone is in a class of medications called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. It works by blocking the action of aldosterone, a natural substance in the body that raises blood pressure.

Pharmacodynamics

Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone, has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone. Eplerenone selectively binds to recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone and androgen receptors.

Biological activity

Eplerenone belongs to a class of drugs called aldosterone antagonists. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.Eplerenone works by interfering with the activity of a steroid in your body called aldosterone. Aldosterone acts to increase the amount of sodium and water you retain. This increased sodium and water can cause high blood pressure, which can in turn cause heart failure.

Interactions

Eplerenone is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. Thus the potential exists for adverse drug interactions with other drugs that induce or inhibit CYP3A4. Specifically, the concomitant use of the CYP3A4 potent inhibitors ketoconazole and itraconazole is contraindicated. Other CYP3A4 inhibitors including erythromycin, saquinavir, and verapamil should be used with caution. Other drugs that increase potassium concentrations may increase the risk of hyperkalemia associated with eplerenone therapy, including salt substitutes, potassium supplements and other potassium-sparing diuretics.

Overview

Eplerenone is in a class of medications called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. It can be used individually or in combination with other medications to treat hypertension by blocking the action of aldosterone, a natural substance in the body that raises blood pressure.

Chemical properties

Eplerenone is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline powder. It is very slightly soluble in water, with its solubility essentially pH-independent. The octanol/water partition coefficient of eplerenone is approximately 7.1 at pH 7.0.

Mechanism of action

Aldosterone,with many physiological and pathological effects, can cause central blood pressure and endothelial injury (catecholamines enhance its role), reduce heart rate variability, induce ventricular arrhythmias, and promote retention of sodium, potassium and magnesium loss, promote myocardial fibrosis, necrosis and inflammation, damage the fibrinolytic system.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (also called angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, referred to as ACEI) and angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist ARB aldosterone can inhibit the secretion of adrenaline, but after a period of treatment.The release of aldosterone was restored,which may even exceed the baseline plasma concentration levels. Despite adequate treatment of ACEI and ARB, aldosterone-induced damage can still happen, so it is necessary to use aldosterone receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension. Clinical studies have shown that patients who are not satisfied with the efficacy of ACEI or ARB therapy can add eplerenone along with the treatment.
Non-selective aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone can reduce mortality in patients with congestive heart failure, However, the side effects of male hyperplasia and other diseases associated with sex hormones have limited its application in the treatment of hypertension.

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of eplerenone include: hyperkalaemia, hypotension, dizziness, altered renal function, and increased creatinine concentration.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplerenone
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a603004.html
http://www.rxlist.com/inspra-drug.htm

Description

Eplerenone is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. It is selective for the mineralocorticoid receptor over glucocorticoid, androgen, progesterone, and estrogen receptors in radioligand binding assays (IC₅₀s = 138, 6,920, 523, >10,000, and 5,702 nM, respectively). Eplerenone inhibits aldosterone-induced mineralocorticoid activity in a luciferase assay (IC₅₀ = 122 nM). In vivo, eplerenone (100 mg/kg per day) reduces urinary albumin secretion and glomerulosclerosis in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat model of hypertension and nephropathy. It reduces myocardial IL-1β levels and collagen deposition, as well as improves left ventricular systolic dysfunction in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction. Formulations containing eplerenone have been used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure after myocardial infarction.

Description

Eplerenone derives its antihypertensive effect by blocking the binding of aldosteroneat the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The drug, which was previously approvedonly for the oral treatment of hypertension, is now indicated to improve survival ofstable patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction ＜40%) andclinical evidence congestive heart failure (CHF) after an acute myocardial infarction.Aldosterone is a key hormone in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS),which is of critical importance in the development and progression of hypertension,cardiac remodeling and other cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of RAAS is tocontrol sodium, potassium, and fluid volume balance. Aldosterone binds to MRs inboth epithelial (e.g. kidney) and nonepithelial (e.g. heart, blood vessels, and brain)tissues and increases blood pressure through induction of sodium reabsorption andpossibly other mechanisms. The actions of aldosterone can be blocked byspironolactone (Aldactone ^?), a relatively nonselective MR antagonist that has beenused in clinical practice for many years. Eplerenone, a structural analog ofspironolactone, is a highly selective MR antagonist, with significantly lower affinityfor other nuclear receptors. It can be prepared by several related ways, with the keystep being the introduction of 11-a-hydroxy group on the steroid scaffold viamicrobiological conversion. The presence of the 11-a-hydroxy group permits thederivation of the epoxy functionality found in eplerenone. Following oraladministration, eplerenone is well absorbed and reaches peak plasma concentrationsin～2 h. The bioavailability of eplerenone is 98% and it is cleared predominantly byCYP3A4 metabolism, with an elimination half-life of 4–6 h. Steady state is reachedwithin two days. Eplerenone therapy is typically initiated with 25 mg once daily oraldosing and, if tolerated by the patient, titrated to 50 mg once daily. In a clinicalstudy, eplerenone significantly reduced deaths in congestive heart failure patientsafter a heart attack, above and beyond standard therapy, including ACE inhibitorsand β-blockers. The trial in more than 6600 hospitalized patients demonstrated a15% reduction in the risk of death for eplerenone compared with placebo, in additionto standard treatment. The most commonly reported adverse events associated witheplerenone are hyperkalemia and increased creatine.

Chemical Properties

White Solid

Originator

Ciba-Geigy (Novartis) (US)

Uses

Selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA), structurally similar to Spiranolactone. Eplerenone is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. Eplerenone is in a class of medications called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. It works by blocking the action of aldosterone, a natural substance in the body that raises blood pressure.

Uses

Eplerenone is an aldosterone antagonist with an IC50 of 0.36 μM. It is used as an adjunct in the management of chronic heart failure. It is similar to the diuretic spironolactone, though it may be more specific for the mineralocorticoid receptor and is sp

Uses

anticancer agent

Definition

ChEBI: Eplerenone is a steroid acid ester, a methyl ester, an oxaspiro compound, a gamma-lactone, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid and an epoxy steroid. It has a role as an aldosterone antagonist and an antihypertensive agent. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane.

Brand name

Inspra (Searle).

General Description

Eplerenone, 9,11α-epoxy-17α-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone,methyl ester (Inspra), is a newer aldosterone antagonist that isused for the treatment of hypertension.

Biological Activity

Selective mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) receptor antagonist (IC 50 = 360 nM). Displays > 27-fold selectivity over androgen, progesterone and estrogen receptors (IC 50 > 10 μ M). Orally active antihypertensive in vivo .

Biochem/physiol Actions

Eplerenone is an aldosterone antagonist more specific for the mineralocorticoid receptor than spironolactone (S3378), having lower affinity for progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors.

Clinical Use

A newer drug, eplerenone, has a structure similar to that of spironolactone and a similar mechanism of action. It was initially approved for use in the treatment ofhypertension but it can now be used in the treatment of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction.

Synthesis

95716-70-4

107724-20-9

250 mL of dichloromethane was added to each of the four reaction flasks, and 20 g of methyl (7α,17α)-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-7,21-dicarboxylate-gamma-lactone (Compound 2), 48 g of trichloroacetamide, and 18 g of potassium acetate were added sequentially under stirring until complete dissolution. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10 °C and 160 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution was slowly added dropwise for a controlled time of 45 minutes. After the dropwise addition, the reaction temperature was raised to 15 °C, the reaction was continued to be stirred, and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC until the disappearance of the raw material point. Upon completion of the reaction, layering was performed and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL × 2). The organic layer was combined and washed sequentially with 3% sodium bisulfite solution (25 mL × 2), cold 1N NaOH solution, 3% dilute hydrochloric acid, water and saturated saline. The organic layer was dried by adding anhydrous Na2SO4 for 1 h. The desiccant was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to obtain a white solid. The resulting white solid was dissolved in 160 mL of butanone and stirred until completely dissolved. The solution was concentrated to 45% of the original volume under atmospheric pressure and the concentration was stopped. The solution was cooled naturally to 20°C, then cooled to 0°C with ice brine, kept for 1 hour and filtered, and the filter cake was washed with butanone. The filter cake was dried at 90 °C for 4 h to give 19.0 g (2'R,4aS,4bR,5aR,6aS,9aS,9bR,10R)-methyl 4a,6a-dimethyl-2,4'-dioxo-3,4,4a,4',5a,5',6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10,11-tetradecanedihydro-2H,3'H-spiro[cyclopentadieno [1,2]phenanthro[4,4a-b]oxirane-7,2'-furan]-10-carboxylic acid ester (eplerenone), yield 91.3%, content 99.7%.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
ACE inhibitors or AT-II antagonists: enhanced hypotensive effect; risk of severe hyperkalaemia.
Anti-arrhythmics: concentration increased by amiodarone - reduce eplerenone dose.
amiodarone - reduce eplerenone dose. Antibacterials: concentration increased by clarithromycin and telithromycin - avoid; concentration increased by erythromycin - reduce eplerenone dose; concentration reduced by rifampicin - avoid; avoid with lymecycline; increased risk of hyperkalaemia with trimethoprim.
Antidepressants: concentration reduced by St John’s wort - avoid; increased risk of postural hypotension with tricyclics; enhanced hypotensive effect with MAOIs.
Antiepileptics: concentration reduced by carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone - avoid.
Antifungals: concentration increased by itraconazole and ketoconazole - avoid; concentration increased by fluconazole - reduce eplerenone dose.
Antihypertensives: enhanced hypotensive effect, increased risk of first dose hypotensive effect with post-synaptic alpha-blockers.
Antivirals: concentration increased by ritonavir - avoid; concentration increased by saquinavir - reduce eplerenone dose
Ciclosporin: increased risk of hyperkalaemia and nephrotoxicity
Cytotoxics: increased risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity with platinum compounds.
NSAIDs: increased risk of hyperkalaemia (especially with indometacin); increased risk of nephrotoxicity; antagonism of diuretic effect.
Potassium salts: increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
Lithium: reduced lithium excretion - avoid
Tacrolimus: increased risk of hyperkalaemia and nephrotoxicity.
CYP3A4 inhibitors: Do not exceed a dose of 25 mg daily for eplerenone.
CYP3A4 inducers: reduced eplerenone concentration - avoid.

Metabolism

Eplerenone metabolism is primarily mediated via CYP3A4. No active metabolites of eplerenone have been identified in human plasma. Less than 5% of an eplerenone dose is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine and faeces. Following a single oral dose of radiolabelled drug, approximately 32% of the dose was excreted in the faeces and approximately 67% was excreted in the urine

storage

Room temperature

References

[1] Patent: CN104725461, 2016, B. Location in patent: Paragraph 0056; 0057; 0058; 0059
[2] Patent: WO2005/92913, 2005, A1. Location in patent: Page/Page column 32-39
[3] Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1997, vol. 80, # 2, p. 566 - 585
[4] Patent: EP1223174, 2002, A2. Location in patent: Example 47A
[5] Patent: EP1223174, 2002, A2. Location in patent: Example 42

Eplerenone Preparation Products And Raw materials

• Raw materials: (7a,17a)-17-Hydroxy-3-oxo-pregna-4,9(11)-diene-7,21-dicarboxylicacid g-lactone methyl ester-->Hydrogen peroxide-->2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide-->Potassium Acetate-->Dichloromethane