| Description | Floxuridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of DNA. Floxuridine has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis in vivo. Floxuridine has also been shown to inhibit tumor growth in animal models by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and upregulating tumor suppressor genes, such as p53. This drug also has inhibitory effects on enzymes that are involved in cell proliferation, such as protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases. |
| Chemical Properties | White Solid |
| Originator | FUDR,Roche,US ,1971 |
| Uses | Floxuridine USP is used in Palliative treatment of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma with liver metastases. |
| Uses | Antiviral; antineoplastic. |
| Uses | renal function diagnosis |
| Definition | ChEBI: A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. |
| Manufacturing Process | Cells of Streptococcus fecalis (ATCC-8043) were grown in the AOAC folic acidassay medium [Lepper, Official and Tentative Methods of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C., 7th edition, 784 (1950)],supplemented with 2 mg per liter of thymine; following the teachings ofPrusoff, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med. 85, 564 (1954). After 20 hours ofincubation at 37°C, the cells were harvested by centrifugation. The collectedcells were washed three times with four volumes of potassium phosphatebuffer solution (M/15 aqueous KH2PO4 solution, adjusted to pH 8.0 by additionof 2 N aqueous KOH) and the wet cells were weighed. The cells were finallysuspended in the above potassium phosphate buffer solution and ground in aglass tissue homogenizer.
An amount of enzyme preparation equivalent to 900 mg of wet cells wasmade up to 25 ml with the above potassium phosphate buffer solution. 150mg (1.15 mmol) of 5-fluorouracil and 1.0 gram of thymidine (4.12 mmol)were dissolved in 15 ml of the above potassium phosphate buffer solution.The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 18 hours. After this time, enzymeaction was stopped by the addition of four volumes of acetone and onevolume of peroxide-free diethyl ether. The precipitated solids were removed byfiltration, and the filtrate was evaporated under nitrogen at reduced pressureuntil substantially all volatile organic solvent had been removed. About 20 mlof aqueous solution, essentially free of organic solvent, remained. Thissolution was diluted to 100 ml with distilled water.
Ten microliters of this solution were submitted to descending chromatographyon a paper buffered with 0.2 N KH2PO4 (pH 7.8), using a solvent mixture oftertiary amyl alcohol:water:n-butyl ether (80:13:7 by volume). A spot visibleunder ultraviolet light and having Rf = 0.55 was leached with 0.1 N HCl andassayed for deoxyribose by the method of Stumpf, J. Biol. Chem. 169, 367(1947). This analysis indicated the presence of a minimum of 85.5 mg (0.35mmol) of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in the protein-free reaction mixtureaccording to US Patent 2,885,396. An alternate route from 5-fluorouracil viathe mercury derivative, through toluoyl deoxyuridines and then toluoylremoval to give floxuridine is described in US Patent 3,041,335.
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| Brand name | Fudr (Mayne). |
| Therapeutic Function | Antiviral, Cancer chemotherapy |
| General Description | The drug is available as a 500-mg vial of lyophilized powder.The drug is used to treat metastatic GI adenocarcinoma.The mechanism of action of this fluoropyrimidine deoxynucleosideanalog involves metabolic conversion to 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) metabolites resulting in inhibition of TSthus disrupting DNA synthesis, function, and repair.Resistance can occur because of increased expression of TS,decreased levels of reduced folate 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate,increased activity of DNA repair enzymes, and increasedexpression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(the major catabolic enzyme). The drug is poorly absorbedfrom the GI tract and is extensive metabolized to 5-FU and5-FU metabolites. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase is themain enzyme responsible for 5-FU catabolism, and it ispresent in liver, GI mucosa, white blood cells, and kidney.The drug interaction and toxicity profiles are equivalent tothose of 5-FU. |
| General Description | Inhibits DNA synthesis. |
| Health Hazard | ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: Floxuridine is highly toxic by ingestion. |
| Fire Hazard | Flash point data for Floxuridine are not available, but Floxuridine is probably combustible. |
| Biochem/physiol Actions | Antineoplastic drug that acts as a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase Resistance to FUdR can develop in cancer cell cultures, among other means, by low-level Mycoplasma infection. |
| Safety Profile | Poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects: hypermotitity, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and other gastrointestinal effects, allergic dermatitis, and bone marrow changes. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Fand NOx. |
| Synthesis | Fluoxuridine, 5-fluoro-1-(2-deoxyribofuranosyl)-pyrimidin-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione (30.1.3.5), is a pyrimidine nucleotide made by reacting fluorouracil (30.1.3.3) with2-deoxyribofuranosylbromide in the presence of silver or mercury salts. |
