Levothyroxine CAS 51-48-9
Introduction：Basic information about Levothyroxine CAS 51-48-9, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
Levothyroxine Basic informationOverview Biosynthesis Indication and dosage Formulations Pharmacokinetics Mechanism of action Adverse reactions Precaution Reference
| Product Name: | Levothyroxine |
| Synonyms: | 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodothyronine;beta-[(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]alanine;l-3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodothyronine;l-t4;o-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosin;β-((3,5-Diiodo-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)alanine;3,5,3',5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONINE;3,3',5,5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONIN |
| CAS: | 51-48-9 |
| MF: | C15H11I4NO4 |
| MW: | 776.87 |
| EINECS: | 200-101-1 |
| Product Categories: | Heterocyclic Compounds;Amino Acids;Organics;Isotope Labeled Compounds;Amino Acids & Derivatives;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Inhibitors;Other APIs;SYNTHROID;Isolabel;Aromatics;Isotope Labelled Compounds;51-48-9 |
| Mol File: | 51-48-9.mol |
Levothyroxine Chemical Properties
| Melting point | 235 °C |
| alpha | -5 º (1N NaOH:EtOH 1:2) |
| density | 2.4440 (estimate) |
| Fp | 9℃ |
| storage temp. | Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,2-8°C |
| solubility | Dissolves in 4M ammonium hydroxide in Methanol at 50mg/ml |
| pka | 2.2(at 25℃) |
| form | Powder |
| Boiling point | 576.3±50.0 °C(Predicted) |
| color | White to Pale Brown |
| Optical Rotation | -4.5 to -5.7 [1 mol dm-3 NaOH-ethanol (1:2)] +15 [1 mol dm-3 HCl-95% ethanol (1:2)] |
| Water Solubility | insoluble |
| Sensitive | Light Sensitive |
| Merck | 9491 |
| BRN | 2228515 |
| InChI | 1S/C15H11I4NO4/c16-8-4-7(5-9(17)13(8)21)24-14-10(18)1-6(2-11(14)19)3-12(20)15(22)23/h1-2,4-5,12,21H,3,20H2,(H,22,23)/t12-/m0/s1 |
| InChIKey | XUIIKFGFIJCVMT-LBPRGKRZSA-N |
| SMILES | N[C@@H](Cc1cc(I)c(Oc2cc(I)c(O)c(I)c2)c(I)c1)C(O)=O |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 51-48-9(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | L-Thyroxine (51-48-9) |
| CAS Number Unlabeled | 51-48-9 |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | Xn,T,F |
| Risk Statements | 40-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11 |
| Safety Statements | 22-24/25-36-45-36/37-16 |
| RIDADR | UN1230 - class 3 - PG 2 - Methanol, solution |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | YP2833500 |
| F | 8-10 |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| HazardClass | IRRITANT |
| HS Code | 29379000 |
| Storage Class | 6.1C - Combustible acute toxic Cat.3 toxic compounds or compounds which causing chronic effects |
| Hazard Classifications | STOT RE 1 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 51-48-9(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | TDLo oral in child: 328ug/kg |
| Overview | L-thyroxine is the major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. It is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines(diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine that exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. It is mainly used for the treatment of hypothyroidism, goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, myxedema coma, and stupor[1]. The thyroid gland is responsible for the synthesis, storage and release of metabolic hormones including iodine-containing thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyroxine(T3). These hormones are crucial in the regulation of many metabolic processes and are vital for normal growth and development. They are also involved in calorigenic, cardiovascular and metabolic effects. The hormones exert their effects presumably by activating gene transcription of messenger RNA and proteins. To do so, they enter the cell nucleus and bind to DNA-bound thyroid receptors, which regulate gene transcription[2, 3]. |
| Biosynthesis | Normally, the hormones secreted by the thyroid are regulated by the hypothalamic pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis through a negative feedback system. Low levels of circulating T4 and T3 initiate the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus and thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) from the pituitary. On interaction with its specific receptor, TSH stimulates the thyroid follicular cells to synthesis T4 and T3 and release them into the bloodstream. When circulating levels of T4 and T3 increase, they inhibit the release of TRH and TSH (i.e. negative feedback mechanism) thereby decreasing their own production[2-5]. The predominant hormone produced by the thyroid gland is T4, with approximately 70–90 mcg of T4 and 15–30 mcg of T3 produced daily[1, 6]. The production of the T3 hormone by the thyroid gland is insufficient to meet the daily requirements of the organs in the body. Therefore, approximately80 % of the body’s required T3 comes from peripheral conversion of T4 to T3[5, 7]. Although both T4 and T3 are active, T3 is more active as thyroid receptors within the cell nucleus have a 10-fold greater affinity for T3. |
| Indication and dosage | Levothyroxine therapy is used in case of deficiency of the thyroid hormones in the human organism, as it happens under deficiency of thyroid, pituitary and hypothalamic glands (respectively primary, secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism). Levothyroxine is also used in the treatment of euthyroid goiter and multinodular goiter, including thyroid nodules, subacute or chronic thyroiditis, or in the case of a post-surgical deficit, or after radiometabolic treatment in patients with thyroid cancer[8-10]. For an average adult under the age of 50, the typical levothyroxine sodium dose is approximately 1.7mcg/kg/day, which is equivalent to approximately 100–125 mcg/day. Older patients or patients with cardiac disease may require less levothyroxine and doses should be titrated at intervals of 4–6 weeks. Newborns, infants and adolescents require doses greater than 1.7mcg/kg/day. The guidelines that were recently released by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Thyroid Association task force on hypothyroidism in adults, in addition to diagnosis, include suggestions of therapy[11]. |
| Formulations | Commercial levothyroxine oral formulations available in North America and Europe include powders for intravenous solutions, tablets (e.g. Synthroid®, Levo-T™, Levothroid®, Levoxyl®, Unithroid®, Eltroxin®, Elthyrone®, Euthyrox®, Eferox®, Berlthyrox®, Letrox®, Tirosint®), soft gel capsules (Tirosint®) and oral solutions (Eltroxin®, Tirosint® oral drops and Tirosint® oral solution in unit-dose ampules). There are advantages and disadvantages that are unique to the formulation type and not to levothyroxine per se. For instance, while tablets and capsules offer the advantage of precise dosing, solutions and liquids can be easier to swallow for children or the elderly. Formulation differences that are specific to levothyroxine also exist. The influence of pH on dissolution profiles of tablets and soft gel capsules is dissimilar[12], as well as the negative impact of coffee intake on levothyroxine absorption[13,14]. |
| Pharmacokinetics | Absorption Levothyroxine is mainly absorbed in the small intestine, more specifically through the duodenum, jejunum and ileum[15,16]. Very little is absorbed in the stomach. Consequently, patients with shorter small intestines (bowel resection) have reduced absorption and require higher levothyroxine doses[17]. The time to maximum concentration (Tmax) occurs at approximately 2 hours in euthyroid volunteers while it is delayed to approximately 3 hours in hypothyroid patients[18]. Food also delays Tmax[18, 19]. The bioavailability of levothyroxine is approximately 60–80 % in euthyroid volunteers[19-21]. It may be slightly higher in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients[20, 21], and is decreased in the presence of food from 79 % under fasted conditions to 64 % under fed conditions for a 100-mcg dose[19]. The absorption of levothyroxine appears to be influenced by gastric pH[22, 23]. Centanni et al. demonstrated that in euthyroid patients suffering from nontoxic multinodular goiter, impaired gastric acid secretion or the use of omeprazole was associated with increased dosing requirements in order to adequately suppress TSH[22]. Similarly, Sachmechi and colleagues showed that chronic lansoprazole use in hypothyroid patients also resulted in increased levothyroxine dose requirements to maintain targeted TSH levels[23]. Metabolism and elimination Although T4 is subject to multiple metabolic reactions[24-26], the main metabolic route for T4 involves deiodination reactions (removal of iodine) by deiodinase enzymes[27-29], Removal of iodine from the carbon 5 of the outer ring transforms T4 to T3, thus T4 can be regarded somewhat as a pro-hormone for T3. Deiodination of the inner ring of T4 can also occur, leading to the formation of inactive reverse T3(rT3). Approximately half of deiodinised T4 is metabolised to rT3 and half to T3[29, 30]. Both T3 and rT3 are further metabolised to diiodothyronine(T2), iodothyronamine(T1) and reverse T2 and T1[29, 30]. The daily turnover rate for T4 is approximately 10 % while it is approximately 50–70 % for T3, with a slightly faster turnover rate in normal volunteers compared with patients with primary hypothyroidism[2, 3]. This equates to a half-life for T4 of 7.5 days in hypothyroid patients and 6.2 days in euthyroid individuals, while the T3 half-life is approximately 1.4 and 1.0 days for hypothyroid and euthyroid volunteers, respectively[34]. Clearance for T4 was similar with 0.056 and 0.054 L/h in hypothyroid and euthyroid subjects, respectively[34] These values are similar to other values reported in hypothyroid patients (0.0385 L/h/70 kg)[31] and in normal control subjects(0.053 to 0.064 L/h)[32, 33]. |
| Mechanism of action | Levothyroxine acts like the endogenous thyroid hormone thyroxine(T4, a tetra-iodinated tyrosine derivative)[1]. In the liver and kidney, T4 is converted to T3, the active metabolite. In order to increase solubility, the thyroid hormones attach to thyroid hormone binding proteins, thyroxin-binding globulin, and thyroxin-binding prealbumin(transthyretin). Transport and binding to thyroid hormone receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus then takes place. Thus, by acting as a replacement for natural thyroxine, symptoms of thyroxine deficiency are relieved.[1] |
| Adverse reactions | Adverse reactions[35] may include Abdominal or stomach cramps, change in appetite, crying, diarrhea, false or unusual sense of well-being, fear or nervousness, feeling not well or unhappy, feeling of discomfort, feeling of warmth, feeling things are not real, feelings of suspicion and distrust, hair loss, headache, increased appetite, mental depression, muscle weakness, quick to react or overreact emotionally, rapidly changing moods, redness of the face, neck, arms, and occasionally, upper chest, restlessness, trouble getting pregnant, trouble sitting still, unusual tiredness or weakness, vomiting and weight gain or loss. In rare conditions, symptoms like blurred or double vision, dizziness, eye pain, lack or slowing of normal growth in children, limp or walk favoring one leg, pain in the hip or knee, seizures and severe headache may occur. |
| Precaution | The following tips should be kept in mind when administrate the levothyroxine[35]: Levothyroxine should not be used to treat obesity or weight problems. Dangerous side effects or death can occur from the misuse of this medicine, especially if you are taking any other weight-loss medications or appetite suppressants. Since thyroid hormone occurs naturally in the body, almost anyone can take levothyroxine. However, you may not be able to take this medicine if you have the following conditions, tell your doctor if you have an untreated or uncontrolled adrenal gland disorder, a thyroid disorder called thyrotoxicosis; or, symptoms of a heart attack (chest pain or heavy feeling, pain spreading to the jaw or shoulder, nausea, sweating, general ill feeling). You should also consult your doctor if you have a history of a thyroid nodule, heart disease, a blood clot, or a blood-clotting disorder, diabetes [insulin or oral diabetes medication doses may need to be changed when you start taking this medicine], kidney disease, anemia (lack of red blood cells), osteoporosis, or low bone mineral density, problems with your pituitary gland; or any food or drug allergies. Ask your doctor for advice if you have recently received radiation therapy with iodine (such as I-131). People who become pregnant while taking levothyroxine should not stop taking the medicine without the doctor's advice. Having low thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy could harm both mother and baby. The dose needs may be different during pregnancy. |
| Reference |
|
| Description | L-Thyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. In vivo, L-thyroxine (0.9 and 2.7 μg) inhibits synthesis and release of thyrotropin induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary in mice. It also reverses decreases in levels of circulating thymic serum factor (FTS) and the number of T rosette-forming cells in an old age-induced mouse model of hypothyroidism. Formulations containing L-thyroxine have been used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. |
| Chemical Properties | Crystalline Solid |
| Originator | Synthroid,Flint,US,1953 |
| Uses | antihypercholesterimic, thyromimetic |
| Uses | One of the thyroid hormones involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Synthesized and stored as amino acid residues of thyroglobulin, the major protein component of the thyroid follicular colloid. Synthesis and secretion are regulated by the pituitary hormone (TSH). Deiodinated in peripheral tissues to the active metabolite, liothyronine. The D-form has very little activity as a thyroid hormone, but has been used to treat hyperlipidemia. |
| Uses | Thyroxine is one of the thyroid hormones involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Synthesized and stored as amino acid residues of thyroglobulin, the major protein component of the thyroid follicular colloid. Synthesis and secretion are regulated by the pituitary hormone (TSH). Deiodinated in peripheral tissues to the active metabolite, liothyronine. The D-form has very little activity as a thyroid hormone, but has been used to treat hyperlipidemia. |
| Indications | Effects of this drug depend heavily on dosage. In small doses, levothyroxine exhibits anabolicaction. In medium doses, it stimulates growth and development of tissue, metabolismof protein, fats, and carbohydrates, increases functional activity of central nervous and cardiovascularsystems, as well as kidneys and liver. In large doses, it slows the thyrotropicactivity of the hypophysis and suppresses thyroid gland production. Levothyroxine is usedfor hypothyroidism, myxedema, thyrotoxicosis, erythyroid conditions, and cretinism. |
| Definition | ChEBI: The L-enantiomer of thyroxine. |
| Manufacturing Process | A 9.30 g portion of N-acetyl-L-diiodotyrosinamide was suspended in 100 ml of0.05M boric acid (H3BO3) and 100 ml of 95% ethanol, and the solid wasdissolved by adjusting the pH to 10.5 with 2N sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A15% (by weight) portion of manganese sulfate monohydrate was added andthe solution heated at 44°C under conditions of oxygenation while beingagitated mechanically. After approximately 24 hours of incubation, theprecipitated product was collected and separated from the catalyst, providingthe amide of N-acetyl-L-thyroxine in 30.6% yield. On hydrolysis (removal ofboth amide functions), achieved by refluxing in glacial acetic acid-hydrochloricacid (approximately 2:1), L-thyroxine is obtained. It was isolated as thesodium salt, containing approximately 5 molecules of water of hydration. |
| Brand name | Levo-T (Alara);Levolet (Vintage); Levothroid (Lloyd); Levoxyl (Jones);Novothyrox (Genpharm); Synthroid (Abbott); Unithroid(Stevens J). |
| Therapeutic Function | Thyroid hormone |
| Pharmacokinetics | Because of its firmer binding to carrier proteins, synthetic crystalline L-T4 sodium salt (levothyroxinesodium, Synthtoid, Euthyrox) has a slower onset of action than crystalline T3 or a desiccated thyroidpreparation. Its administration leads to a greater increase in serum T4 but a lesser increase in serum T3than compared with Thyroid USP. The availability of 11 different tablet strengths, ranging from 25 to300 μg, allows individual dosing |
| Synthesis | Levothyroxine, L-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]alanine (25.1.10), is synthesized in a multi-stage synthesis from 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzaldehyde. Reacting this with benzenesulfochloride in pyridine gives the correspondingbenzenesulfonate 25.1.1, the benzenesulfonyl group of which is easily replacedwith a 4-methoxyphenyloxy- group upon reaction with 4-methoxyphenol. The resulting3-iodo-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)benzaldehyde (25.1.2) is reacted further with N-acetylglycinein the presence of sodium acetate in a Knoevenagel reaction, in which the resulting ylidenecompound cyclizes to an oxazolone derivative 25.1.3. The oxazolone ring of this compoundis opened upon reaction with sodium methoxide, forming the desired cinnamic acid derivative25.1.4. The nitro group of this product is reduced to an amino group by hydrogen in thepresence of a Raney nickel catalyst, forming the corresponding amine, and subsequent diazotationand replacement of the diazo group of which with iodine gives the methyl ester of|á-acetamido-3,5-diiodo-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)crotonic acid (25.1.6). The resulting compoundundergoes simultaneous reaction with hydrogen iodide and phosphorous in aceticacid, in which the double bond in the crotonic acid is reduced, and the methoxy protection isremoved from the phenol ring. During this, a simultaneous hydrolysis of the acetyl group onthe nitrogen atom also takes place, forming D,L-3,5-diiodothyronine (25.1.7). The aminogroup in this product is once again protected by the reaction with formic acid in the presenceof acetic anhydride, which gives D,L-N-formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine. Separation of isomers inthe resulting racemic mixture is accomplished using brucine, giving D-(+)-N-formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine L-(+)-N-formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine (25.1.8). The protecting formylgroup is hydrolyzed using hydrobromic acid, giving L-(+)-3,5-diiodothyronine (25.1.9),which undergoes direct iodination using iodine in the presence of potassium iodide inaqueous methylamine, to give the desired levothyroxine. |
| Purification Methods | Purification is the same as for the D-isomer above. Likely impurities are tyrosine, iodotyrosine, iodothyroxines and iodide. Dissolve it in dilute ammonia at room temperature, then crystallise it by adding di[] 546 +27.8o (c 5, EtOH). [Harrington et al. Biochem J 39 164 1945, Nahm & Siedel Chem Ber 96 1 1963, Reineke & Turner J Biol Chem 161 613 1945, Chalmers et al. J Chem Soc 3424 1949, Beilstein 14 II 378, 14 III 1566, 14 IV 2373.] |
| References | [1] C Y BOWERS. Interactions of L-thyroxine or L-triiodothyronine and thyrotropin-releasing factor on the release and synthesis of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary gland of mice.[J]. Endocrinology, 1967, 81 4: 741-747. DOI: 10.1210/endo-81-4-741 [2] N. FABIRS E. M M Muzzioli. Recovery of age-dependent immunological deterioration in Balb/c mice by short-term treatment with L-thyroxine[J]. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 1982, 18 4: Pages 327-338. DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(82)90036-7 [3] N. FABRIS E. M. Endocrine control of thymic serum factor production in young-adult and old mice[J]. Cellular immunology, 1985, 91 2: Pages 325-335. DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90230-8 |
Levothyroxine Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Raw materials | 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine dihydrate-->Hydrochloric acid-->Sodium hydroxide-->Manganese sulfate monohydrate-->Acetic acid |
| Preparation Products | Levothyroxine sodium |
