Methanol CAS 67-56-1
Introduction：Basic information about Methanol CAS 67-56-1, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
Methanol Basic informationIntroduction Chemical Properties Uses Methanol poisoning and First Aid Measures Reactivities of Methanol Production Toxicity evaluation Methanol gasoline
| Product Name: | Methanol |
| Synonyms: | METHYL RED MIXED SOLUTION;METHYL RED, NEUTRAL;METHYL RED MIXED SOLUTION R;METHYL RED INDICATOR;METHYL RED ETHANOL;METHYL RED, WATER SOLUBLE;METHYL RED, SPIRIT SOLUBLE;METHYL RED SOLUTION R |
| CAS: | 67-56-1 |
| MF: | CH4O |
| MW: | 32.04 |
| EINECS: | 200-659-6 |
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| Mol File: | 67-56-1.mol |
Methanol Chemical Properties
| Melting point | -98 °C(lit.) |
| Melting point | -97,8°C |
| Boiling point | 64,7°C |
| Boiling point | 65.4 °C(lit.) |
| density | 0.791 g/mL at 25 °C |
| density | d = 0,89 |
| vapor density | 1.11 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 410 mm Hg ( 50 °C) |
| refractive index | n |
| Fp | 52 °F |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | benzene: miscible(lit.) |
| pka | 15.2(at 25℃) |
| form | Liquid Free From Particulates |
| color | <10(APHA) |
| Specific Gravity | 0.793 (20/20℃) |
| Relative polarity | 0.762 |
| PH | 6.8 (20°C in H2O) |
| Odor | Faint alcohol odor detectable at 4 to 6000 ppm (mean = 160 ppm) |
| Flame Color | Pale blue |
| explosive limit | 5.5-44%(V) |
| Odor Threshold | 33ppm |
| Water Solubility | miscible |
| λmax | λ: 210 nm Amax: 0.50 λ: 220 nm Amax: 0.30 λ: 230 nm Amax: 0.15 λ: 235 nm Amax: 0.10 λ: 240 nm Amax: 0.05 λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.01 λ: 400 nm Amax: 0.01 |
| Merck | 14,5957 |
| BRN | 1098229 |
| Henry's Law Constant | 4.99 at 25 °C (headspace-GC, Gupta et al., 2000) |
| Exposure limits | TLV-TWA (200 ppm) (ACGIH), 260mg/m3, 1040mg/m3 (800 ppm) 15minutes (NIOSH); STEL 310mg/m3 (250 ppm); IDLH 25,000 ppm (NIOSH). |
| Dielectric constant | 33.6（20℃） |
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | SOLVENT FRAGRANCE DENATURANT |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) | Methanol (67-56-1) |
| InChI | 1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3 |
| InChIKey | OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CO |
| LogP | -0.770 |
| Surface tension | 22.22mN/m at 298.15K |
| Surface tension | 22.7mN/m at 20°C |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 67-56-1(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Methyl alcohol(67-56-1) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Methanol (67-56-1) |
| Absorption | in accordance |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | Xn,T,F |
| Risk Statements | 10-20/21/22-68/20/21/22-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11-40-36-36/38-23/25 |
| Safety Statements | 36/37-7-45-16-24/25-23-24-26 |
| RIDADR | UN 1170 3/PG 2 |
| OEB | A |
| OEL | TWA: 200 ppm (260 mg/m3), STEL: 250 ppm (325 mg/m3) [skin] |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | PC1400000 |
| F | 3-10 |
| Autoignition Temperature | 385 °C |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| HS Code | 2905 11 00 |
| HazardClass | 3 |
| PackingGroup | II |
| Storage Class | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| Hazard Classifications | Acute Tox. 3 Dermal Acute Tox. 3 Inhalation Acute Tox. 3 Oral Flam. Liq. 2 STOT SE 1 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 67-56-1(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | LD50 oral (rat) 5628 mg/kg LD50 skin (rabbit) 15,840 mg/kg LC50 inhal (rat) >145,000 ppm (1 h) PEL (OSHA) 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 200 ppm (260 mg/m3)—skin STEL (ACGIH) 250 ppm (328 mg/m3) |
| IDLA | 6,000 ppm |
| Introduction | Methanol is the simplest fatty alcohol. It is a colorless, flammable, irritating liquid with a boiling point of 64.7°C, a melting point of -93.90°C, and a relative density of 0.7913. Soluble in water and most organic solvents. Its severe toxicity can damage the optic nerve. Once swallowed, it can make the eyes blind and even cause death. Methanol has the general properties of a primary aliphatic alcohol. The three hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom with a hydroxyl group can be oxidized, orderly generating formaldehyde, formic acid, and carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is largely used in the synthesis of formaldehyde. Methanol is easily converted into important organic synthesis intermediates such as methyl carboxylate, methyl chloride and methylamine, and it is also applied as important organic solvents, extraction agents and alcohol denaturants. |
| Chemical Properties | Methanol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor (NTP NIEHS web accessed 2/16/2013). The air odor threshold has been reported as 1500 ppm (approximately 2000mg/m3), much higher than the occupational guidelines. Methanol (methyl alcohol; wood alcohol) is used extensively as a solvent for lacquers, paints, varnishes, cements, inks, dyes, plastics, and various industrial coatings. Large quantities are used in the production of formaldehyde and other chemical derivatives such as acetic acid, methyl halides and terephthalate, methyl methacrylate, and methylamines. Methanol is also used as a gasoline additive, as a component of lacquer thinners, in antifreeze preparations of the “nonpermanent” type, and in canned heating preparations of jellied alcohol. It is also used in duplicating fluid, in paint removers, and as a cleaning agent. The potential for methanol as a future alternative for gasoline indicates that the use of this chemical will most likely increase rather than decrease. At room temperature, methanol is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is relatively volatile, with a vapor pressure of 96 mmHg and a vapor density of 1.11. It is miscible with water and soluble with other organic solvents. It is found in nature as a fermentation product of wood and as a constituent of some fruits and vegetables. |
| Uses | Methanol is an important chemical raw material for fine chemicals. Its carbonylation at 3.5 MPa and 180-200° C in the presence of catalyst can produce acetic acid and further produce acetic anhydride. It reacts with syngas to prepare vinyl acetate in the presence of catalyst; reacts with isobutylene to produce tert-butyl methyl ether; prepare dimethyl oxalate through oxidization and carbonylation, and a further hydrogenation to produce ethylene glycol; reacts with toluene under catalyst and simultaneous oxidization to produce phenylethyl alcohol. It can be used as a good solvent, as a pesticide raw material, as an antifreeze agent, as a fuel and fuel additive (this is receiving increasing attention in environmental protection field). It is the main raw material in the preparation of formaldehyde, the raw material in medicine and spices production, a solvent in dyes and paint industries, the raw material in preparation of methanol single cell protein and synthesis of methyl ester.IndustryApplicationsRole/BenefitLaboratoryHPLC, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and LCMSLow UV cutoffChemical manufactureProduction of formaldehyde and its derivatesMain feedstockProduction of hydrocarbon chains and even aromatic systemsMain feedstockProduction of methyl tert-butyl etherMethylation reagentProduction of dimethyl terephthalic acid, methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid methyl esterMain feedstockPlasticsProduction of polymersMain feedstockFarm chemicalProduction of insecticide and acaricideMain feedstockPharmaceuticalsProduction of sulfonamides, amycin, etcMain feedstockFuel for vehiclesPure methanol fuelPure methanol does not produce an opaque cloud of smoke in the event of an accidentMethanol gasolineBlended directly into gasoline to produce a high-octane, efficient fuel with lower emissions than conventional gasolineChemical analysisDetermination of boronAnalysis agentDetermination of trace moisture in alcohols, saturated hydrocarbons, benzene, chloroform, pyridineAnalysis agentOthersSeparation of calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfateSeparation reagentSeparation of strontium bromide and barium bromideSeparation reagentAnti-freezing agentEffective component |
| Methanol poisoning and First Aid Measures | Pathogenesis First, methanol has a cumulative effect and is oxidized in the body into more toxic formaldehyde and formic acid. Methanol and its oxides directly damage the tissues, causing cerebral edema, meningeal hemorrhage, optic nerve and retinal atrophy, pulmonary congestion and edema, and hepatic and renal turbid swelling. Second, methanol and its oxides cause blood circulation disorder, coenzyme system obstacles in vivo, resulting in lack of oxygen supply to the brain cortical cells, metabolic disorders, and related neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Third, methanol oxidation products combine with the iron in the cytochrome oxidase, which inhibits the intracellular oxidation process thus causing metabolic disorders, acidosis along with organic acid accumulation in the body, and nerve cells impair. Treatment
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| Reactivities of Methanol | Methanol is the simplest aliphatic alcohol. It contains only one carbon atom. Unlike higher alcohols, it cannot form an olefin through dehydration. However, it can undergo other typical reactions of aliphatic alcohols involving cleavage of a C-H bond or O-H bond and displacement of the -OH group. Table 1 summarizes the reactions of methanol, which are classified in terms of their mechanisms. Examples of the reactions and products are given. Homolytic dissociation energies of the C-O and O-H bonds in methanol are relatively high. Catalysts are often used to activate the bonds and to increase the selectivity to desired products. |
| Production | Methanol is prepared by pressure heating with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst: If the conditions are strictly controlled, the yield can reach 100% and the purity can reach 99%. Methane is mixed with oxygen (9:1, V/V) and methanol is obtained through a copper tube under heating and pressure: |
| Toxicity evaluation | ADI is limited to GMP (FAO/WHO, 2001). Toxic, can cause blindness. LD50: 5628 mg/kg (rat, oral). MeasurementDateSystemRoute/OrganismDoseEffectSkin and Eye IrritationDecember 2016 eye /rabbit40 mgmoderateSkin and Eye IrritationDecember 2016 eye /rabbit100 mg/24HmoderateSkin and Eye IrritationDecember 2016 skin /rabbit20 mg/24HmoderateMutation DataDecember 2016Cytogenetic Analysisparenteral/grasshopper3000 ppm Mutation DataDecember 2016Cytogenetic Analysisoral/mouse1 gm/kg Mutation DataDecember 2016Cytogenetic Analysisintraperitoneal/mouse75 mg/kg Mutation DataDecember 2016DNA Damageoral/rat10 µmol/kg Mutation DataDecember 2016DNA inhibitionlymphocyte/human300 mmol/L Mutation DataDecember 2016DNA repair/Escherichia coli20 mg/well Mutation DataDecember 2016morphological transformfibroblast/mouse0.01 mg/L/21D (-enzymatic activation step) from The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - NIOSH |
| Methanol gasoline | Methanol gasoline refers to the M series mixture fuel made of addition of methanol to the gasoline and formulated using methanol fuel solvent. Among them, M15 (add 15% methanol in gasoline) clean methanol gasoline is used as vehicle fuel, respectively, used in a variety of gasoline engines. It can be applied to substitute the finished gasoline without changing the existing engine structure, and can also be mixed with refined oil. The methanol mixed fuel has excellent thermal efficiency, power, start-up and being economical. It is also characterized by lowering the emissions, saving oil and being safe and convenient. Methanol gasoline types of M35, M15, M20, M50, N85 and M100 with different blend ratios have been developed around the world according to the conditions of different countries. At present, the commercial methanol is mainly M85 (85% methanol + 15% gasoline) and M100 with M100 performance being better than M85 and having greater environmental advantages. |
| Description | Methyl alcohol, also known as methanol or wood alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquidthat is the simplest alcohol. World production of methanol is approximately 8.5 billion gallons annually. Methanolis produced industrially, starting with the production of synthesis gas or syngas. Syngas usedin the production of methyl alcohol is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen formedwhen natural gas reacts with steam or oxygen. Methyl alcohol is then synthesizedfrom carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Methyl alcohol is poisonous and is commonly used to denature ethyl alcohol. Methanolpoisoning results from ingestion, inhalation of methanol vapors, or absorption throughthe skin. Methanol is transformed in the body to formaldehyde (H2CO) by the enzymealcohol dehydrogenase.The formaldehyde is then metabolized to formic acid (HCOOH)by aldehyde dehydrogenase. |
| Chemical Properties | Methanol is a clear, water-white liquid with a mild odor atambient temperatures.The air odor threshold for methanol has been reported as100 ppm . Others have reported that 2000 or 5900 ppmmethanol is barely detectable . |
| Physical properties | Clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic alcoholic odor. Odor threshold concentrations rangedfrom 8.5 ppbv (Nagata and Takeuchi, 1990) to 100.0 ppmv (Leonardos et al., 1969).Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 5.5mg/m3 (4.2 ppmv) and 69 mg/m3 (53 ppmv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). |
| History | It was first isolated in 1661 by the Irish chemist Robert Boyle(1627–1691) who prepared it by the destructive distillation of boxwood, giving it the namespirit of box, and the name wood alcohol is still used for methyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is alsocalled pyroxylic spirit; pyroxylic is a general term meaning distilled from wood and indicatesthat methyl alcohol is formed during pyrolysis of wood. The common name was derived in themid-1800s. The name methyl denotes the single carbon alkane methane in which a hydrogenatom has been removed to give the methyl radical. The word alcohol is derived from Arabical kuhul. |
| Uses | Methanol has numerous uses. Its main use is in the production of formaldehyde, whichconsumes approximately 40% of methanol supplies. Methanolis a common organic solvent found in many products including deicers (windshield wiperfl uid), antifreezes, correction fl uid, fuel additives, paints, and other coatings. A number ofindustrial chemicals use methanol in their production. Among these are methyl methacrylateand dimethyl terephthalate. Methanol is used to convert methylacrylamide sulfate to methylmethacrylate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4): Methanol is used in making the ester dimethyl terephthalate from mixtures ofxylene of toluene. Dimethyl terephthalate is used in the manufacture of polyesters and plastics. Methanol is used as a fuel additive. The common gasoline additive HEET is pure methanoland is used as a gas-line antifreeze and water remover. Methanol is used as a fuel in camp stoves and small heating devices. It is used to fuel the small engines used in models (airplanes,boats). In the early history of automobiles,methanol was a common fuel. The availability of cheap gasoline replaced methanol in the1920s, but it is receiving renewed interest as an alternative fuel as the demand and cost of oilincrease and oil supplies become uncertain. Methanol can be produced from coal and biomass.Methanol has a higher octane rating and generally lower pollutant emissions compared togasoline. The relatively low flame temperature means that fewer nitrogen oxides are producedby methanol than by ethanol. One large disadvantage of methanol is that it has a lower energydensity than gasoline. Using equivalent volumes of gasoline and methanol, methanol givesabout half the mileage of gasoline. Another problem with methanol is its low vapor pressure,resulting in starting problems on cold days. This problem can be mitigated by using a blendof 85% methanol and 15% gasoline. This mixture is called M85 and is similar to E85 ethanol(see Ethyl Alcohol). |
| Uses | Methanol is used in the production offormaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butylether, and many chemical intermediates; asan octane improver (in oxinol); and as apossible alternative to diesel fuel; being anexcellent polar solvent, it is widely used as acommon laboratory chemical and as a methylating reagent. |
| Uses | high purity grade for ICP-MS detection |
| Uses | Methylalcohol, CH30H, also known as methanol or wood alcohol, is a colorless, toxic, flammable liquid with a boiling point of 64.6 °C(147 °F). The principal toxic effect is on the nervous system,particularly the retinae. Methyl alcoholis miscible in all proportions with water,ethyl alcohol, and ether. It burns with a light blue flame producing water and carbon dioxide. This vapor forms an explosive mixture(6.0 to 36.5% by volume) with air. Methyl alcohol is an important inexpensive raw material that is synthetically produced for the organic chemical industry. Nearly half of the methyl alcohol manufactured is used in the production of formaldehyde. Other uses of methyl alcohol are as an antifreeze and fuel for automobiles and as an intermediate in the production of synthetic protein. |
| Uses | Industrial solvent. Raw material for making formaldehyde and methyl esters of organic and inorganic acids. Antifreeze for automotive radiators and air brakes; ingredient of gasoline and diesel oil antifreezes. Octane booster in gasoline. As fuel for picnic stoves and soldering torches. Extractant for animal and vegetable oils. To denature ethanol. Softening agent for pyroxylin plastics. Solvent and solvent adjuvant for polymers. Solvent in the manufacture of cholesterol, streptomycin, vitamins, hormones, and other pharmaceuticals. |
| Definition | ChEBI: Methanol is the primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. It has a role as an amphiprotic solvent, a fuel, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite. It is an alkyl alcohol, a one-carbon compound, a volatile organic compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate acid of a methoxide. |
| Production Methods | Modern industrial-scale methanol production is exclusivelybased on synthesis from pressurized mixtures of hydrogen,carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide gases in the presenceof catalysts. Based on production volume, methanol hasbecome one of the largest commodity chemicals producedin the world. |
| Reactions | Methyl alcohol is a versatile material, reacting (1) with sodium metal, forming sodium methylate, sodium methoxide CH3ONa plus hydrogen gas, (2) with phosphorus chloride, bromide, iodide, forming methyl chloride, bromide, iodide, respectively, (3) with H2SO4 concentrated, forming dimethyl ether (CH3)2O, (4) with organic acids, warmed in the presence of H2SO4, forming esters, e.g., methyl acetate CH3COOCH3, [CAS: 79-20-9], methyl salicylate C6H4(OH)·COOCH3, possessing characteristic odors, (5) with magnesium methyl iodide in anhydrous ether (Grignard’s solution), forming methane as in the case of primary alcohols, (6) with calcium chloride, forming a solid addition compound 4CH3OH·CaCl2, which is decomposed by H2O, (7) with oxygen, in the presence of heated smooth copper or silver forming formaldehyde. The density of pure methyl alcohol is 0.792 at 20 °C compared with H2O at 4 °C (the corresponding figure for ethyl alcohol is 0.789), and the percentage of methyl alcohol present in a methyl alcohol-water solution may be determined from the density of the sample. |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | Methanol has been subjected to abuse by consumption as asubstitute for ethanol. Its toxic metabolites cause irreversible blindness and severemetabolic acidosis, and are ultimately fatal. Methanol continues to be used as anindustrial solvent. |
| General Description | A colorless fairly volatile liquid with a faintly sweet pungent odor like that of ethyl alcohol. Completely mixes with water. The vapors are slightly heavier than air and may travel some distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Any accumulation of vapors in confined spaces, such as buildings or sewers, may explode if ignited. Used to make chemicals, to remove water from automotive and aviation fuels, as a solvent for paints and plastics, and as an ingredient in a wide variety of products. |
| Reactivity Profile | Methanol reacts violently with acetyl bromide [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Mixtures with concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Reacts with hypochlorous acid either in water solution or mixed water/carbon tetrachloride solution to give methyl hypochlorite, which decomposes in the cold and may explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Gives the same product with chlorine. Can react explosively with isocyanates under basic conditions. The presence of an inert solvent mitigates this reaction [Wischmeyer 1969]. A violent exothermic reaction occurred between methyl alcohol and bromine in a mixing cylinder [MCA Case History 1863. 1972]. A flask of anhydrous lead perchlorate dissolved in Methanol exploded when Methanol was disturbed [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52:2391. 1930]. P4O6 reacts violently with Methanol. (Thorpe, T. E. et al., J. Chem. Soc., 1890, 57, 569-573). Ethanol or Methanol can ignite on contact with a platinum-black catalyst. (Urben 1794). |
| Hazard | Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosivelimits in air 6–36.5% by volume. Toxic by ingestion(causes blindness). Headache, eye damage, dizziness, and nausea. |
| Health Hazard | Ingestion of adulterated alcoholic beveragescontaining methanol has resulted in innumerable loss of human lives throughout theworld. It is highly toxic, causing acidosis andblindness. The symptoms of poisoning arenausea, abdominal pain, headache, blurredvision, shortness of breath, and dizziness.In the body, methanol oxidizes to formaldehyde and formic acid — the latter could bedetected in the urine, the pH of which is lowered (when poisoning is severe). The toxicity of methanol is attributed tothe metabolic products above. Ingestion inlarge amounts affects the brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and respiratory system and can cause coma, blindness, anddeath. The lethal dose is reported to be60–250 mL. The poisoning effect is prolonged and the recovery is slow, often causing permanent loss of sight. Other exposure routes are inhalation andskin absorption. Exposure to methanol vaporto at 2000 ppm at regular intervals over aperiod of 4 weeks caused upper respiratorytract irritation and mucoid nasal discharge inrats. Such discharge was found to be a doserelated effect. Inhalation in humans may produce headache, drowsiness, and eye irritation. Prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis andscaling. Eye contact can cause burns anddamage vision.. |
| Health Hazard | The acute toxicity of methanol by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact is low. Ingestionof methanol or inhalation of high concentrations can produce headache, drowsiness,blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, blindness, and death. In humans, 60 to 250 mL isreported to be a lethal dose. Prolonged or repeated skin contact can cause irritation andinflammation; methanol can be absorbed through the skin in toxic amounts. Contact ofmethanol with the eyes can cause irritation and burns. Methanol is not considered to haveadequate warning properties. Methanol has not been found to be carcinogenic in humans. Information available isinsufficient to characterize the reproductive hazard presented by methanol. In animaltests, the compound produced developmental effects only at levels that were maternallytoxic; hence, it is not considered to be a highly significant hazard to the fetus. Tests inbacterial or mammalian cell cultures demonstrate no mutagenic activity |
| Fire Hazard | Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode. |
| Flammability and Explosibility | Methanol is a flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3) that burns with an invisible flamein daylight; its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and"flash back." Methanol-water mixtures will burn unless very dilute. Carbon dioxideor dry chemical extinguishers should be used for methanol fires. |
| reaction suitability | reaction type: volumetric |
| Chemical Reactivity | Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization:Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent. |
| Safety Profile | A human poison by ingestion. Poison experimentally by skin contact. Moderately toxic experimentally by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Human systemic effects: changes in circulation, cough, dyspnea, headache, lachrymation, nausea or vomiting, optic nerve neuropathy, respiratory effects, visual field changes. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An eye and skin irritant. Human mutation data reported. A narcotic. Its main toxic effect is exerted upon the nervous system, particularly the optic nerves and possibly the retinae. The co
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