Poly(acrylic acid) CAS 9003-01-4
Introduction：Basic information about Poly(acrylic acid) CAS 9003-01-4, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
Poly(acrylic acid) Basic information
| Product Name: | Poly(acrylic acid) |
| Synonyms: | 940;Carbopol®ACRYLIC ACID POLYMER;CARBOPOL(TM) 941;CARBOPOL(R) 940;CARBOPOL(TM) 940;CARBOPOL(TM) 934;CARBOPOL(TM) 910 |
| CAS: | 9003-01-4 |
| MF: | C5H10O2 |
| MW: | 102.1317 |
| EINECS: | 618-347-7 |
| Product Categories: | cosmetic;silicone oil;Acrylates: Poly(acrylic acid) and Related Polymers;Hydrophilic Polymers;Materials Science;Polymer Science;fine chemicals;solvent;Acrylates: Poly(acrylic acid) and Related Polymers;Acrylics;Hydrophilic Polymers;Cnbio;Polymer dispersant;Industrial/Fine Chemicals;Polymers;9003-01-4 |
| Mol File: | 9003-01-4.mol |
Poly(acrylic acid) Chemical Properties
| Melting point | 95 °C |
| Boiling point | 116 °C |
| density | 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Tg | 106 |
| vapor pressure | 2.64-3.57hPa at 20-25℃ |
| refractive index | n |
| Fp | 100 °C |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | Swellable in water and glycerin and, after neutralization,in ethanol (95%). Carbomers do not dissolve but merelyswell to a remarkable extent, since they are three-dimensionallycrosslinked microgels. |
| form | Powder |
| color | White |
| pH | 2.5 -3.0 (1% water solution) |
| Water Solubility | Soluble in water. |
| Dielectric constant | 2.7 - 4.5（0.0℃） |
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | FILM FORMING BINDING GEL FORMING VISCOSITY CONTROLLING EMULSION STABILISING |
| InChI | 1S/C3H4O2.Na/c1-2-3(4)5;/h2H,1H2,(H,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | WLAMNBDJUVNPJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | OC(=O)C=C |
| LogP | 0.23-0.27 at 20℃ and pH3.59-3.63 |
| IARC | 3 (Vol. 19, Sup 7) 1987 |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Polyacrylic acid (9003-01-4) |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | C,T,Xi |
| Risk Statements | 45-46-34-36/37/38 |
| Safety Statements | 53-45-36-27-26 |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | AT4680000 |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| HS Code | 39069090 |
| Storage Class | 10 - Combustible liquids |
| Hazard Classifications | Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 2 Eye Dam. 1 STOT SE 3 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 9003-01-4(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | LD50 oral in rat: 2500mg/kg |
| Description | Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) is hygroscopic, brittle and colorless in nature with Tg at nearly 106oC. At temperatures above 200 to 250oC, it loses water and becomes an insoluble crosslinked polymer anhydride. Solubility of dried PAA in water increases with rise in temperatures. Concentrated solutions of PAA in water is thixotropic in nature. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a hydrophilic colloidal solution, similar in properties to water-soluble natural gums. It is a clear, colorless, viscous stable solution. Applications include the modification of aqueous formulations for such end uses as cleaners, binders, adhesives, and emulsion paints. The sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are effective thickeners and dispersants useful in both natural and synthetic latex systems. PAA in ceramic applications improves dry strength, dispersant action, and improved workability of the clays. PAA is stable to hydrolysis and is not susceptible to bacterial degradation. |
| Description | For a description of unrelated compounds expanded by twocarbon units,Poly acrylic acid (PAA or Carbomer) is generic name for synthetic high molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid. They may be homopolymers of acrylic acid, crosslinked with an allyl ether pentaerythritol, allyl ether of sucrose or allyl ether of propylene. In a water solution at neutral pH, PAA is an anionic polymer, i.e. many of the side chains of PAA will lose their protons and acquire a negative charge. This makes PAAs polyelectrolytes, with the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume. Dry PAAs are found in the market as white and fluffy powders. Carbomer codes (910, 934, 940, 941 and 934P) are an indication of molecular weight and the specific components of the polymer. For many applications PAAs are used in form of alkali metal or amonium salts e.g. sodium polyacrylate. |
| Chemical Properties | white powder |
| Chemical Properties | Carbomers are white-colored, ‘fluffy’, acidic, hygroscopic powderswith a characteristic slight odor. A granular carbomer is alsoavailable (Carbopol 71G). |
| Uses | Polyacrylic acid is used in disposable diapers and in ion exchange resins. It is also used to study solute diffusion in polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid copolymer hydrogel. It is also employed as a thickening, suspending, emulsifying and dispersing agent in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, adhesives and paints. Further, it is used for the preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-polyacrylic acid copolymer which responds to both temperature and pH stimuli. In addition to this, it is used in preparing block copolymer of oligo (methyl methacrylate)/PAA for micellar delivery of hydrophobic drugs. |
| Uses | Applications of PAA may include:· to study solute diffusion in Polyvinyl alcohol/PAA copolymer hydrogel· synthesizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-PAA copolymer which responds to both temperature and pH stimuli· in preparing block copolymer of oligo (methyl methacrylate)/PAA for micellar delivery of hydrophobic drugs· as thickening agent for adhesives |
| Uses | carboxypolymethylene is a binder, film-former and emulsion stabilizer. It can also help increase product viscosity. |
| Production Methods | Carbomers are synthetic, high-molecular-weight, crosslinked polymersof acrylic acid. These acrylic acid polymers are crosslinkedwith allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol. The polymerizationsolvent used previously was benzene; however, some of the newercommercially available grades of carbomer are manufactured usingeither ethyl acetate or a cyclohexane–ethyl acetate cosolventmixture. The Carbopol ETD and Carbopol Ultrez polymers areproduced in the cosolvent mixture with a proprietary polymerizationaid. |
| Definition | ChEBI: An acrylic macromolecule, composed of acrylic acid repeating units. |
| Application | Poly acrylic acid and its derivatives are used in disposable diapers,ion exchange resins and adhesives. They are also popular as a thickening, dispersing, suspending and emulsifying agents in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and paints. PAA inactivates the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate. |
| Brand name | Carbopol934 (Noveon). |
| General Description | Poly(acrylic acid) solution (PAA) is an anionic polymer that can be synthesized by the free radical polymerization of acrylic acid. It has a swelling nature that tends to absorb and retain the water. Its high ion exchange capacity makes it useful in the formation of membranes. |
| Pharmaceutical Applications | Carbomers are used in liquid or semisolid pharmaceuticalformulations as rheology modifiers. Formulations include creams,gels, lotions and ointments for use in ophthalmic, rectal,topical and vaginal preparations. Carbomer grades withresidual benzene content greater than 2 ppm do not meet thespecifications of the PhEur 6.4 monograph. However, carbomerhaving low residuals of other solvents than the ICH-defined ‘Class IOVI solvents’ may be used in Europe. Carbomer having lowresiduals of ethyl acetate, such as Carbopol 971P NF or Carbopol974P NF, may be used in oral preparations, in suspensions, capsulesor tablets. In tablet formulations, carbomers are used ascontrolled release agents and/or as binders. In contrast to linearpolymers, higher viscosity does not result in slower drug releasewith carbomers. Lightly crosslinked carbomers (lower viscosity) aregenerally more efficient in controlling drug release than highlycrosslinked carbomers (higher viscosity). In wet granulationprocesses, water, solvents or their mixtures can be used as thegranulating fluid. The tackiness of the wet mass may be reduced byincluding talc in the formulation or by adding certain cationicspecies to the granulating fluid. However, the presence ofcationic salts may accelerate drug release rates and reducebioadhesive properties. Carbomer polymers have also beeninvestigated in the preparation of sustained-release matrixbeads, as enzyme inhibitors of intestinal proteases inpeptide-containing dosage forms, as a bioadhesive for acervical patch and for intranasally administered microspheres, in magnetic granules for site-specific drug delivery tothe esophagus, and in oral mucoadhesive controlled drugdelivery systems. Carbomers copolymers are also employedas emulsifying agents in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsionsfor external administration. Carbomer 951 has been investigated asa viscosity-increasing aid in the preparation of multiple emulsionmicrospheres. Carbomers are also used in cosmetics. Therapeutically,carbomer formulations have proved efficacious in improvingsymptoms of moderate-to-severe dry eye syndrome. |
| Safety | Carbomers are used extensively in nonparenteral products,particularly topical liquid and semisolid preparations. Gradespolymerized in ethyl acetate may also be used in oral formulations. There is no evidence of systemic absorption ofcarbomer polymers following oral administration. Acute oraltoxicity studies in animals indicate that carbomer 934P has a loworal toxicity, with doses up to 8 g/kg being administered to dogswithout fatalities occurring. Carbomers are generally regarded asessentially nontoxic and nonirritant materials; there is noevidence in humans of hypersensitivity reactions to carbomersused topically. LD50 (guinea pig, oral): 2.5 g/kg for carbomer 934 LD50 (guinea pig, oral): 2.5 g/kg for carbomer 934P LD50 (guinea pig, oral): 2.5 g/kg for carbomer 940 LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.04 g/kg for carbomer 934P LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.04 g/kg for carbomer 940 LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.07 g/kg for carbomer 934P LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.07 g/kg for carbomer 940 LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.6 g/kg for carbomer 934P LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.6 g/kg for carbomer 934 LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.6 g/kg for carbomer 940 LD50 (rat, oral): 10.25 g/kg for carbomer 910 LD50 (rat, oral): 2.5 g/kg for carbomer 934P LD50 (rat, oral): 4.1 g/kg for carbomer 934 LD50 (rat, oral): 2.5 g/kg for carbomer 940 LD50 (rat, oral): > 1g/kg for carbomer 941 No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) (rat, dog, oral): 1.5 g/kgfor carbomer homopolymer type B. |
| Solubility in organics | Dicoane, ethanol, methanol, water |
| Solubility in organics | Dioxane, ethanol, methanol, water |
| storage | Carbomers are stable, hygroscopic materials that may be heated attemperatures below 1048℃ for up to 2 hours without affecting theirthickening efficiency. However, exposure to excessive temperaturescan result in discoloration and reduced stability. Completedecomposition occurs with heating for 30 minutes at 2608℃. Drypowder forms of carbomer do not support the growth of molds andfungi. In contrast, microorganisms grow well in unpreservedaqueous dispersions, and therefore an antimicrobial preservativesuch as 0.1% w/v chlorocresol, 0.18% w/v methylparaben–0.02%w/v propylparaben, or 0.1% w/v thimerosal should be added. Theaddition of certain antimicrobials, such as benzalkonium chlorideor sodium benzoate, in high concentrations (0.1% w/v) can causecloudiness and a reduction in viscosity of carbomer dispersions.Aqueous gels may be sterilized by autoclaving with minimalchanges in viscosity or pH, provided care is taken to exclude oxygenfrom the system, or by gamma irradiation, although this techniquemay increase the viscosity of the formulation. At roomtemperature, carbomer dispersions maintain their viscosity duringstorage for prolonged periods. Similarly, dispersion viscosity ismaintained, or only slightly reduced, at elevated storage temperaturesif an antioxidant is included in the formulation or if thedispersion is stored protected from light. Exposure to light causesoxidation that is reflected in a decrease in dispersion viscosity.Stability to light may be improved by the addition of 0.05–0.1%w/v of a water-soluble UV absorber such as benzophenone-2 orbenzophenone-4 in combination with 0.05–0.1% w/v edetic acid. Carbomer powder should be stored in an airtight, corrosionresistantcontainer and protected from moisture. The use of glass,plastic, or resin-lined containers is recommended for the storage offormulations containing carbomer. |
| Advantages | The advantages of acrylic resins are : Better stain protection (wash ability) Water resistance Better adhesion Better blocking ('strap down') Resist cracking and blistering better Resistance to alkali cleaners. |
| Current market and forecast | The global demand on acrylic resin approached roughly US $ 14.5 billion in 2011. With an annual growth rate of 4 - 5 % , the acrylic resin market is expected to reach US $ 16.6 billion by 2014 and US$22 billion by 2020. Acrylic resins are used in a wide range of applications for the outstanding chemical characteristics and unique aesthetic properties. Currently, the strongest demand comes from automotive and medical device markets, and paints & coatings, adhesive & sealant and construction & architecture are the major application markets for acrylic resin. |
| Formulae | Acrylic resin is a general term for any one of the plastics (resin) generated through chemical reaction by applying polymerization initiator and heat to a monomer. The chemical name for the resin produced from the methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). MMA is a transparent and colorless fluid substance.One of the main characteristic features of PMMA is its high transparency. With its high weather resistance, it has been known to last over 30 years, it does not easily turn yellow or crumble when exposed to sunlight. Polymethyl methacrylate is used not only for transparent windows in aquariums but also for various items such as signboards in places like convenience stores, taillights of automobiles, bathtub liners, sinks, cell phone display screens, backlight optical waveguides for liquid crystal displays (LCD) and so on. |
| Incompatibilities | Carbomers are discolored by resorcinol and are incompatible withphenol, cationic polymers, strong acids, and high levels ofelectrolytes. Certain antimicrobial adjuvants should also be avoidedor used at low levels. Trace levels of iron and othertransition metals can catalytically degrade carbomer dispersions. Certain amino-functional actives form complexes with carbomer;often this can be prevented by adjusting the pH of thedispersion and/or the solubility parameter by using appropriatealcohols and polyols. Carbomers also form pH-dependent complexes with certainpolymeric excipients. Adjustment of pH and/or solubility parametercan also work in this situation. |
| Regulatory Status | Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral suspensions,tablets; ophthalmic, rectal, topical, transdermal preparations;vaginal suppositories). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensedin Europe. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable NonmedicinalIngredients. |
Poly(acrylic acid) Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Raw materials | Formic acid-->Benzoyl peroxide-->Methyl acrylate-->Acrylonitrile-->CARBON MONOXIDE-->Styrene-->2-Chloroethanol-->Acrylic acid-->Ammonium persulfate-->Acrylamide-->Acrolein-->Butyl acrylate-->6-Benzylaminopurine-->Methacrylic acid-->Ethyl acrylate-->Methyl methacrylate-->Sodium dodecyl sulfate-->3-Hydroxypropionitrile-->Butyl methacrylate-->2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate-->Methyl propiolate-->Hydroxypropyl acrylate-->Peregal OS-15-->Ferrophosphorus |
| Preparation Products | Toluene-->Xylene-->Benzoyl peroxide-->Methyl acrylate-->Acrylonitrile-->Styrene-->Acrylic acid-->Acrylamide-->Butyl acrylate-->6-Benzylaminopurine-->Ethyl acrylate-->PAINT-->Sodium dodecyl sulfate-->Polyester resin paint-->L-Malic acid-->conductive coating-->Automobile paint-->Acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->Acrylic latex-->2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate-->Methyl propiolate-->Methacrylic acid, polymer with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate-->efficient complex formulationof corrosion and scale control-->Motorcycle paint-->corrosion inhibitor WT-305-2-->6731 acrylic vibration damping coating-->DOX retanning agent-->polyhimic acid-->polymer flocculant TXY |
