CAS 97-77-8|Disulfiram
| Common Name | Disulfiram | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 97-77-8 | Molecular Weight | 296.539 |
| Density | 1.2±0.1 g/cm3 | Boiling Point | 369.0±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Molecular Formula | C10H20N2S4 | Melting Point | 69-71 °C(lit.) |
| MSDS | ChineseUSA | Flash Point | 177.0±23.2 °C |
| Symbol | GHS07, GHS08, GHS09 | Signal Word | Warning |
Names
| Name | disulfiram |
|---|---|
| Synonym | More Synonyms |
Disulfiram BiologicalActivity
| Description | Disulfiram is a specific inhibitor of?aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH1), used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. |
|---|---|
| Related Catalog | Signaling Pathways >>Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >>Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)Research Areas >>Metabolic Disease |
| In Vitro | Disulfiram-copper complex potently inhibits the proteasomal activity in cultured breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF10DCIS.com cells, but not normal, immortalized MCF-10A cells, before induction of apoptotic cancer cell death[1]. Disulfiram (DS), a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug, strongly inhibits constitutive and 5-FU-induced NF-kappaB activity in a dose-dependent manner. Disulfiram inhibits both NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity but has no effect on 5-FU-induced IkappaBalpha degradation. Disulfiram significantly enhances the apoptotic effect of 5-FU on DLD-1 and RKO(WT) cell lines and synergistically potentiated the cytotoxicity of 5-FU to both cell lines. Disulfiram also effectively abolishes 5-FU chemoresistance in a 5-FU resistant cell line H630(5-FU) in vitro[2]. Oseltamivir decreases the number of viable cells, and the addition of CuCl2 significantly enhances the DSF-induced cell death to less than 10% of control[3]. Disulfiram given to melanoma cells in combination with Cu2+ or Zn2+ decreases expression of cyclin A and reduces proliferation in vitro at lower concentrations than disulfiram alone[4]. |
| In Vivo | Disulfiram significantly inhibits the tumor growth (by 74%), associated with in vivo proteasome inhibition (as measured by decreased levels of tumor tissue proteasome activity and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and natural proteasome substrates p27 and Bax) and apoptosis induction (as shown by caspase activation and apoptotic nuclei formation) in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts[1]. Disulfiram blocks the P-glycoprotein extrusion pump, inhibits the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, sensitizes tumors to chemotherapy, reduces angiogenesis, and inhibits tumor growth in mice. Disulfiram inhibits growth and angiogenesis in melanomas transplanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and these effects are potentiated by Zn2+ supplementation[4]. |
| Cell Assay | The effect of disulfiram (0.15-5.0 μM) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (1.0 μM) on proliferation of malignant cell lines is studied in cultures stimulated with 10% FBS. Cell numbers are quantitated 24 to 72 hours later, as outlined below. In some experiments, disulfiram is added immediately after cells are plated. In other experiments, cells are plated and allowed to grow for 24 to 72 hours before fresh medium with disulfiram is added and cell numbers are assayed 24 to 72 hours later. Synergy is studied between disulfiram and N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl-N-nitrosourea (carmustine, 1.0-1,000 μM) or cisplatin (0.1-100 μg/mL) added to medium. The effect of metal ions on disulfiram is studied with 0.2 to 10 μM Cu2+ (provided as CuSO4), Zn2+ (as ZnCl2), Ag+ (as silver lactate), or Au3+ (as HAuCl4·3H2O) ions added to growth medium, buffered to physiologic pH. To provide a biologically relevant source of copper, medium is supplemented with human ceruloplasmin at doses replicating low and high normal adult serum concentrations (250 and 500 mg/mL). |
| Animal Admin | Adult female CB17-SCID mice are housed in a protected laminar flow facility with access to water and either a standard diet containing 87 ppm zinc or a zinc-supplemented diet containing 1,000 ppm Zn2+ as zinc acetate. Mice are injected s.c. in the right groin with 5×106 cells from a highly aggressive malignant melanoma obtained from a Carolinas Medical Center patient. The frozen tumor is passaged twice in SCID mice to adapt it to in vivo growth before use in these experiments. On the day of tumor injection, all mice began daily administration of drug. Drug is given in a total volume of 0.2 mL by gastric gavage via smooth Teflon-tipped needles inserted transorally into the stomach. Four groups are studied: tumor control (n=10; 0.2 mL olive oil daily; zinc diet of 87 ppm); zinc-supplemented control (n=10; 0.2 mL olive oil daily; zinc diet of 1,000 ppm); disulfiram (n=10; 200 mg/kg/d disulfiram in 0.2 mL olive oil; zinc diet of 87 ppm); and zinc-supplemented diet + disulfiram (n=10; 200 mg/kg/d disulfiram in 0.2 mL olive oil; zinc diet of 1,000 ppm). Mice are examined daily, the tumor is measured in two dimensions, and the tumor volume is estimated using the formula for an elipse. When estimated tumor volume approached 500 mm3 within any animal, all mice are euthanized. Tumors are excised, weighed, fixed in formalin, sectioned, and stained or immunostained for factor VIII. Slides are coded and examined by a blinded observer who identified vessels as deposits of red cells. For each slide, the number of vessels is counted in four different fields representative of the tumor. The average number of vessels per field is averaged per biopsy specimen and used to evaluate tumor vascularity. |
| References | [1]. Chen D, ert al. Disulfiram, a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug and copper-binding agent, induces apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cultures and?xenografts?via?inhibition?of the proteasome?activity. Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10425-33. [2]. Wang W, et al. Disulfiram-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB activity enhances cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer. 2003 Apr 20;104(4):504-11. [3]. Cen D, et al. Disulfiram facilitates intracellular Cu uptake and induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J Med Chem. 2004 Dec 30;47(27):6914-20. [4]. Brar SS, et al. Disulfiram inhibits activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and human melanoma growth in a metal-dependent manner in vitro, in mice and in a patient with metastatic disease. Mol Cancer Ther. 2004 Sep;3 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| Density | 1.2±0.1 g/cm3 |
|---|---|
| Boiling Point | 369.0±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 69-71 °C(lit.) |
| Molecular Formula | C10H20N2S4 |
| Molecular Weight | 296.539 |
| Flash Point | 177.0±23.2 °C |
| Exact Mass | 296.050934 |
| PSA | 121.26000 |
| LogP | 3.88 |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±0.8 mmHg at 25°C |
| Index of Refraction | 1.620 |
| InChIKey | AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CCN(CC)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(CC)CC |
| Storage condition | Store at +4°C |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidants. |
| Water Solubility | 0.02 g/100 mL |
Toxicological Information
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION |
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA - TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 140 mg/kg/2W
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 90 mg/kg/18D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - jaundice, other or unclassified
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 150 mg/kg/6W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Musculoskeletal - joints
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 150 mg/kg/6W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 160 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - coma Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from large intestine Liver - hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post-necrotic scarring)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 150 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 248 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD - Lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >4 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1980 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 75 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2600 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral - ataxia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1800 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral - ataxia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7 gm/kg/7D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Autonomic Nervous System - other (direct) parasympathomimetic Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach Blood - changes in spleen
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6750 mg/kg/6W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - changes in metals, not otherwise specified
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7770 mg/kg/3W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from peripheral motor nerve Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6545 mg/kg/13W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Autonomic Nervous System - parasympatholytic Gastrointestinal - contraction (isolated tissue) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 720 mg/kg/60D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 44640 mg/kg/2Y-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data - death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1750 mg/kg/7D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Autonomic Nervous System - other (direct) parasympathomimetic Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Blood - changes in spleen
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 280 mg/kg/18D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Spinal Cord - demyelination Autonomic Nervous System - other (direct) parasympathomimetic Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 35 gm/kg/78W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1000 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Blood - tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 5 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 3-12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 310 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 31 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Parenteral
- DOSE :
- 400 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 4-11 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Parenteral
- DOSE :
- 800 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 2 day(s) pre-mating female 2 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 13200 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 15 day(s) pre-mating female 1-18 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 39200 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 1278 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 1278 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Morphological transformation
MUTATION DATA - TYPE OF TEST :
- Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Bird - chicken Embryo
- REFERENCE :
- BBACAQ Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 519,65,1978 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 2 mg/m3 DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 IARC Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,85,1976 IARC Cancer Review:Human No Adequate Data IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,85,1976 IARC Cancer Review:Group 3 IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,56,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CRTXB2 CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. (CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431) V.1- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,365,1973 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 6 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:STEL 1 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO DISULFIRAM-air:10H TWA 2 mg/m3 REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 80219 No. of Facilities: 209 (estimated) No. of Industries: 4 No. of Occupations: 24 No. of Employees: 4441 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 80219 No. of Facilities: 2688 (estimated) No. of Industries: 28 No. of Occupations: 51 No. of Employees: 53525 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 6305 (estimated)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Bird - chicken Embryo
- REFERENCE :
- BBACAQ Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 519,65,1978 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 2 mg/m3 DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 IARC Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,85,1976 IARC Cancer Review:Human No Adequate Data IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 12,85,1976 IARC Cancer Review:Group 3 IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,56,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CRTXB2 CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. (CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431) V.1- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,365,1973 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 6 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:STEL 1 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO DISULFIRAM-air:10H TWA 2 mg/m3 REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 80219 No. of Facilities: 209 (estimated) No. of Industries: 4 No. of Occupations: 24 No. of Employees: 4441 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 80219 No. of Facilities: 2688 (estimated) No. of Industries: 28 No. of Occupations: 51 No. of Employees: 53525 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 6305 (estimated)
Safety Information
| Symbol | GHS07, GHS08, GHS09 |
|---|---|
| Signal Word | Warning |
| Hazard Statements | H302-H317-H373-H410 |
| Precautionary Statements | P273-P280-P501 |
| Personal Protective Equipment | dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Faceshields;Gloves |
| Hazard Codes | Xn:Harmful |
| Risk Phrases | R22;R43;R48/22;R50/53 |
| Safety Phrases | S24-S37-S60-S61 |
| RIDADR | UN 3077 9/PG 3 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | JO1225000 |
| Packaging Group | III |
| Hazard Class | 9 |
| HS Code | 29303000 |
Customs
| HS Code | 29303000 |
|---|
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Synonyms
| 1,1',1'',1'''-[Disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetraethan |
| Etabus |
| Ethane, 1,1',1'',1'''-[dithiobis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetrakis- |
| TTD |
| Teturamin |
| 1,1',1'',1'''-[Disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetraethane |
| Antabuse |
| tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([[(C2H5)2N]C(S)]2S2) |
| N1,N1,N3,N3-tetraethyl-2-dithioperoxy-1,3-dithiodicarbonic diamide |
| 1,1',1'',1'''-[disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tétraéthane |
| Tetraethylthiuran disulfide |
| Disulfiram |
| Tetraethylthiuram disulfide |
| EINECS 202-607-8 |
| MFCD00009048 |
| tetraethylthiuram disulphide |
| Esperal |
