CAS 77-92-9|Citric Acid
Introduction：Basic information about CAS 77-92-9|Citric Acid, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
| Common Name | Citric Acid | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 77-92-9 | Molecular Weight | 192.124 |
| Density | 1.8±0.1 g/cm3 | Boiling Point | 309.6±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7 | Melting Point | 153-159 °C(lit.) |
| MSDS | ChineseUSA | Flash Point | 155.2±24.4 °C |
| Symbol | GHS07 | Signal Word | Warning |
Names
| Name | citric acid |
|---|---|
| Synonym | More Synonyms |
Citric Acid BiologicalActivity
| Description | Citric acid is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. |
|---|---|
| Related Catalog | Signaling Pathways >>Apoptosis >>ApoptosisResearch Areas >>Inflammation/ImmunologyNatural Products >>Acids and AldehydesResearch Areas >>CancerResearch Areas >>Cardiovascular DiseaseResearch Areas >>Metabolic Disease |
| Target | Human Endogenous Metabolite |
| In Vitro | Citric acid induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. It inhibits proliferation of HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner, but also induces apoptosis and cell cycle-arrest at the G2/M phase (before 24 h) and S phase (after 24 h)[1]. |
| In Vivo | Citric acid is found in all animal tissues as an intermediary substance in oxidative metabolism. The administration of citric acid (1–2 g/kg) attenuates LPS-induced elevations in brain MDA, nitrite, TNF-α, GPx, and PON1 activity. In the liver, nitrite is decreased by 1 g/kg citric acid. Citric acid (1-2 g/kg) decreases brain lipid peroxidation and inflammation, liver damage, and DNA fragmentation[2]. Citric acid supplementation increases intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption and the retention/intake ratio only in rats fed the 1% Ca diet. Citric acidsupplementation together with a calcium-rich diet allows to obtain an increased retention of calcium and phosphorus in bone. The prolonged administration of calcium citrate supplements may therefore help to increase bone mineral concentration[3]. Oral administration of citric acid ameliorates ketosis and protects against the development of diabetic complications in an animal model of type 1 diabetes[4]. |
| Cell Assay | HaCaT cells are treated with different concentrations of citric acid (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 mM) for 24 h; 0.5% of DMSO (vehicle) is used as a control. Cells are then centrifuged at 1000 ×g for 5 min, and cell pellets are dissolved with 0.5 mL of Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 5 μg/mL PI and viable cells are determined by using a flow cytometer for determination of viable cells[1]. |
| Animal Admin | Rats: Rats are induced of diabetes and divided randomly into an untreated diabetic group and two treated diabetic groups, receiving citric acid (2 g/L) in the drinking water, or insulin therapy. Insulin-treated rats receive 3 IU of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin three times per week. Fasting (12 hr) blood samples are obtained from the tail vein two days after insulin injection for measurement of blood glucose, HbA1c and ketone bodies[4]. [2]Mice: Citric acid is prepared in sterile physiological saline. Mice are randomly divided into five equal groups (six mice each). Mice are treated with either 0.2mL of: sterile physiological saline (group 1) or citric acid at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/kg, orally (groups 2-4). Treatments are given just prior to endotoxin administration (LPS: 200 lg/kg, injected intraperitoneally, 0.1 mL). The fifth group received just the vehicle, no LPS (negative control). Mice are euthanized after 4 h of LPS or vehicle injection by decapitation under ether anesthesia, where the brain and liver of each mouse are then removed for analysis[2]. |
| References | [1]. Ying TH, et al. Citric acid induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) via caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways. Anticancer Res. 2013 Oct;33(10):4411-20. [2]. Abdel-Salam OM, et al. Citric acid effects on brain and liver oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. J Med Food. 2014 May;17(5):588-98. [3]. Lacour B, et al. Stimulation by citric acid of calcium and phosphorus bioavailability in rats fed a calcium-rich diet. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1997;23(2):79-87. [4]. Nagai R, et al. Citric acid inhibits development of cataracts, proteinuria and ketosis in streptozotocin (type 1) diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Feb 26;393(1):118-22. |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| Density | 1.8±0.1 g/cm3 |
|---|---|
| Boiling Point | 309.6±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 153-159 °C(lit.) |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7 |
| Molecular Weight | 192.124 |
| Flash Point | 155.2±24.4 °C |
| Exact Mass | 192.027008 |
| PSA | 132.13000 |
| LogP | -1.72 |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C |
| Index of Refraction | 1.575 |
| InChIKey | KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | O=C(O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O |
| Storage condition | Store at RT. |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metal nitrates. |
| Water Solubility | 750 g/L (20 ºC) |
Toxicological Information
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION |
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA - TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- REFERENCE :
- 85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,658,1986
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- REFERENCE :
- 85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,658,1986 ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- OYYAA2 Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. (Oyo Yakuri Kenkyukai, CPO Box 180, Sendai 980-91, Japan) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 43,561,1992
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 290 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (5),9,1994
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- TAKHAA Takeda Kenkyusho Ho. Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories. (Takeda Yakuhin Kogyo K.K., 2-17-85 Jusohon-machi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan) V.29- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,25,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5040 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- TAKHAA Takeda Kenkyusho Ho. Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories. (Takeda Yakuhin Kogyo K.K., 2-17-85 Jusohon-machi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan) V.29- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,25,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 903 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 62,203,1990
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2700 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- TAKHAA Takeda Kenkyusho Ho. Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories. (Takeda Yakuhin Kogyo K.K., 2-17-85 Jusohon-machi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan) V.29- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,25,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 42 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
- REFERENCE :
- JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 94,65,1948
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity
- REFERENCE :
- IECHAD Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Washington, DC) V.15-62, 1923-70. For publisher information, see CHMTBL. Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,628,1923
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 330 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
- REFERENCE :
- JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 94,65,1948 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 19680 No. of Facilities: 28313 (estimated) No. of Industries: 157 No. of Occupations: 112 No. of Employees: 307205 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X1191 No. of Facilities: 22 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 2 No. of Employees: 130 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 108 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 19680 No. of Facilities: 49113 (estimated) No. of Industries: 244 No. of Occupations: 182 No. of Employees: 1691218 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1083005 (estimated)
Safety Information
| Symbol | GHS07 |
|---|---|
| Signal Word | Warning |
| Hazard Statements | H319 |
| Precautionary Statements | P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P337 + P313 |
| Personal Protective Equipment | dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves |
| Hazard Codes | Xi:Irritant |
| Risk Phrases | R36/37/38 |
| Safety Phrases | S26-S39-S37/39-S24/25-S36/37/39-S45 |
| RIDADR | UN 1789 8/PG 3 |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| RTECS | GE7350000 |
| HS Code | 2918140000 |
Customs
| HS Code | 2918140000 |
|---|
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Synonyms
| 3'-hydroxybiphenyl-3-carboxylic acid |
| MFCD00163176 |
| 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pentanedioic acid |
| 3'-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid |
| Citric acid |
| EINECS 201-069-1 |
