ASPARAGINASE CAS 9015-68-3
Introduction：Basic information about ASPARAGINASE CAS 9015-68-3, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
ASPARAGINASE Basic informationDescription References Description Source Background
| Product Name: | ASPARAGINASE |
| Synonyms: | Asparaginase (usan 8ci 9ci);Asparaginase, L- (escherichia coli);Asparaginase from Escherichia coli,L-Asparagine Amidohydrolase;Sustanon Injection;LASPAR;1,2-Benzothiazol-3(2H)-one;CL059;Asparaginase (Owenism) |
| CAS: | 9015-68-3 |
| MF: | C14H17NO4S |
| MW: | 295.35 |
| EINECS: | 232-765-3 |
| Product Categories: | Steroid and Hormone;enzyme |
| Mol File: | Mol File |
ASPARAGINASE Chemical Properties
| alpha | D20 -30 to -32° |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| form | suspension |
| color | Crystals or powder |
| Merck | 13,841 |
| Specific Activity | 100-300units/mg protein (biuret) |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 9015-68-3 |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Asparaginase (9015-68-3) |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | T,Xn |
| Risk Statements | 61-42/43-63 |
| Safety Statements | 53-22-36/37/39-45-36/37 |
| RIDADR | 3249 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | CI9000000 |
| F | 10-21 |
| HazardClass | 6.1(a) |
| PackingGroup | II |
| HS Code | 3507909090 |
| Storage Class | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Hazard Classifications | Repr. 2 Skin Sens. 1 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 9015-68-3(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | TDLo ims-chd: 8145 iu/kg/1W:SYS CANCAR 34,780,74 |
| Description | Asparaginase is a kind of enzyme that can be used as a medication and in food industry. It is mainly extracted from E. coli. In the medical field, it can be used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This is due to that asparaginase can convert the L-asparagine into aspartate and ammonia, exhausting the available asparagine needed for leukemic cells and thus leading to cell death. In the food industry, it can be used as a processing aid in the manufacture of food to reduce the formation of acrylamide, which is a potential carcinogen through removing the asparagine which can undergo Maillard reaction during cooking to induce tumor in fried and baked food. |
| References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginase |
| Description | Using the enzyme asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1), it ispossible to significantly reduce the formation of the cooking carcinogen acrylamideduring roasting, deep-frying, or baking of foods. The enzyme hydrolyzesfree asparagine to aspartic acid, thereby preventing the formation ofacrylamide by reaction of asparagine with reducing sugars at elevated temperaturesduring the Maillard reaction. The mitigation of acrylamide formation is especially important for a number ofcereal- and potato-based products, including crackers, crispbread, gingerbread,biscuits, French fries, and potato chips. After asparaginase pretreatment, theacrylamide concentration of certain foods could be reduced by up to 97 % [84, 86].By means of in vitro directed evolution, the properties of asparaginase wereoptimized. For example, an Asp133Leu mutation of a wild-type enzyme showed asignificantly improved thermal stability. The enzyme’s half-life at 50 C increasedfrom 3 to 160 h, and the half-inactivation temperature of the mutant was 9 Chigher. |
| Chemical Properties | Asparaginase is an enzyme produced by microbial fermentation, it is white crystalline powder, easily soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, acetone, chloroform, acetaldehyde, benzene and other organic solvents, slightly hygroscopic, heat-stable, at 500C for 15min, the vitality is reduced by 30%, and it is completely inactivated at 600C for less than 1h. Lyophilized products can be stabilized for several months at 2~50C. However, its solution can only be stored for a few days, 200C storage for 7 days, 50C storage for 14 days do not reduce the enzyme activity. The optimum ph is 8.5 and the optimum temperature is 370 C. This product is a drug with selective inhibitory effect on tumor cells. It is effective in solid tumors and leukemia, and has no cross resistance with the commonly used mercaptopurine, vincristine, cytarabine, methotrexate and so on. |
| Originator | Enzon (U.S.A.) |
| Uses | Antineoplastic. |
| Uses | Asparaginase from Escherichia coli has been used:
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| Definition | An enzyme used in the treatment ofcertain types of leukemia. Produced by biochemicalactivity of certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Yieldsare in excess of 3500 units/g of source. |
| Indications | The enzyme L-asparaginase (Elspar) is derived from thebacteria Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora. It catalyzesthe hydrolysis of L-asparagine to aspartic acid andammonia. L-Glutamine also can undergo hydrolysis bythis enzyme, and during therapy, the plasma levels of bothamino acid substrates fall to zero.Tumor cells sensitive toL-asparaginase are deficient in the enzyme asparaginesynthetase and therefore cannot synthesize asparagine.Depletion of exogenous asparagine and glutamine inhibitsprotein synthesis in cells lacking asparagine synthetase,which leads to inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and celldeath. |
| Manufacturing Process | Therapeutically active L-asparaginase is isolated from bacteria from the genusErwinia, a known genus pathogenic towards plants. L-asparaginase isconveniently isolated from this genus by growing the bacteria upon a suitablenutrient medium until a desired quantity is obtained and then extracting theL-asparaginase either by conventional cell disruption methods, or preferably,by processes more fully described in US Patent 3,660,238. |
| Brand name | Crasnitin (Bayer); Elspar(Merck);Oncaspar. |
| Therapeutic Function | Antineoplastic (acute leukemia) |
| General Description | Asparaginase is available in 10-mL vials for intramuscularand IV use in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Tumor cells are unable to synthesize asparagine, and thereforemust utilize what is available in the extracellular environment.The agent acts by hydrolyzing extracellular asparagineto aspartate and ammonia. The tumor cells are then deprivedof a necessary nutrient, and protein synthesis is inhibited leadingto cell death. The agent is specific for the G1 phase of thecell cycle. Resistance occurs because of the development ofthe tumor cells ability to produce asparagine synthetase thatallows them to synthesize the required amino acid. Antibodyproduction directed at asparaginase may be stimulated by theagent as well. The agent remains in the extracellular spaceafter parental administration and is 30% protein bound. Themetabolism of the agent has not been well characterized andthe plasma half-life depends on the formulation of the drug.The E. coli-derived agent has a plasma half-life of 40 to 50hours, whereas polyethylene glycol-asparaginase’s half-life is3 to 5 days. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions,fever, chills, nausea, lethargy, confusion, hallucinations,and possibly coma. Myelosuppression is not generallyseen. An increased risk of bleeding and clotting is seen in halfof the patients taking the agent. |
| Biochem/physiol Actions | Asparaginase (ASNase) products are usually obtained from?Escherichia coli?and?Erwinia chrysanthemi. These enzymes can block the synthesis of protein in tumor cells. It shows high activity in the G1?phase of the cell cycle. It is capable of causing pancreatitis in leukemia patients. |
| Biotechnological Applications | L-asparaginase (EC. 3.5.1.1; asparagine amidohydrolase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-Asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. This enzyme is used for the treatment of selected types of hemopoietic diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (Pieters et al. 2011; Rytting 2012). It is also a model enzyme for the development of new drug delivery system and L-asparagine biosensor for leukemia. This enzyme was used in the food industry for the production of acrylamide free food (Kumar and Verma 2012; Dhanam Jayam and Kannan 2013). Y. lipolytica is a potential producer of L-asparaginase. However, there are very few reports on L-asparaginase production by the yeast. Karanam and Medicherla optimized L-asparaginase production of Y. lipolytica NCIM 3472 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using palm kernel cake as the substrate. The maximum L-asparaginase activity at optimum conditions was near 40 U/g of the initial dry substrate (U/gds) (Karanam and Medicherla 2010). |
| Mechanism of action | The half-life of L-asparaginase in human plasma is 6to 30 hours.The drug remains primarily in the intravascularspace, so its volume of distribution is only slightlygreater than that of the plasma. Metabolism and dispositionare thought to occur through serum proteases, thereticuloendothelial system, and especially in patientswith prior exposure to the drug, binding by antibodies.The drug is not excreted in urine, and very little appearsin the CSF. |
| Clinical Use | The major indication for L-asparaginase is in thetreatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; completeremission rates of 50 to 60% are possible. Lack of crossresistanceand bone marrow toxicity make the enzymeparticularly useful in combination chemotherapy. LAsparaginasealso can be used in the treatment of certaintypes of lymphoma. It has no role in the treatmentof nonlymphocytic leukemias or other types of cancer. |
| Clinical Use | Pegaspargase, a polyethylene glycol conjugate of L-asparaglnase (ASNase),was launched for combination chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that inhibits protein synthesis by the depletion ofsources of L-asparagine, which is necessary for transformed lymphoid cells toproliferate. It has been used as a standard component of the antileukemiaarmamentarium for childhood All. Pegaspargase has greater antitumor activity, alonger plasma half-life and less immunogenicity than ASNase. It produces minimalside effects after repeated dosing, whereas ASNase induces anaphylactic shock,urticaria, anorexia or vomiting and acute pancreatitis in dogs, and otherimmunological effects in man resulting from sensitization to the enzyme or protein synthesis inhibition. The efficacy of pegaspargase for other indications includingbreast and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pancreatic cancer has beenreported. |
| Anticancer Research | Both the commonly known and distinctive species have been reported to produceL-asparaginase. The common species of endophytes, which produce L-asparaginase,include Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., and Colletotrichum sp. They are isolated asendophytes from a variety of medicinal plants (Audipudi et al. 2014; El-Said et al.2016). Chow and Ting (2015) studiedL-asparaginase production from fungal endophytes isolated from anticancer plantsin Malaysia. They found Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium simplicissimumfrom Murraya koenigii and Pereskia bleo, respectively, as effective producers ofL-asparaginase. In addition to L-asparaginase, endophytes from anticancer plantshave also been established as producers of other valuable anticancer, antimicrobial,and antioxidant compounds. This is further supported by many reports on discoveryof these anticancer agents in different species of endophytic fungi either from sameor different host plants. |
| Side effects | Since it is a foreign protein, L-asparaginase may producehypersensitivity reactions, including urticarial skinrashes and severe anaphylactic reactions. One-third ofpatients have nausea, anorexia, weight loss, and mildfever. Almost all patients develop elevated serumtransaminases and other biochemical indices of hepaticdysfunction. Severe hepatic toxicity occurs in fewerthan 5% of cases. Patients receiving L-asparaginase maydevelop symptoms of CNS toxicity, including drowsiness,confusion, impaired mentation, and even coma.Pancreatitis occurs in 5 to 10% of cases.Hyperglycemia,possibly due to inhibition of insulin synthesis, also mayoccur. L-Asparaginase differs from most cytotoxic drugsin its lack of toxicity to bone marrow, gastrointestinaltract, and hair follicles. |
| Safety Profile | Human (child) systemic effects byintramuscular route. An experimental teratogen. Otherexperimental reproductive effects. Questionablecarcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data. |
| Veterinary Drugs and Treatments | Asparaginase has been useful in combination with other agents inthe treatment of lymphoid malignancies. The drug is most usefulin inducing remission of disease but is occasionallyused in maintenance or rescue protocols. Use of asparaginase as part of an initial treatment lymphosarcomaprotocol is now somewhat controversial, as one study(MacDonald, Thamm et al. 2005) in dogs showed no statisticaldifference for response rates, remission or survival rate, remissionor survival duration, or prevalence of toxicity and treatment delayin dogs treated with or without asparaginase as part of a standardCHOP protocol. |
| Description | L-asparaginase was purified from E.coli ASI.357. |
| Source | Escherichia Coli |
| Background | L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that depletes L-Asparagine "an important nutrient for cancer cells" resulting in cancer/tumor cell starvation. L-asparaginase is an anti-tumor agent derived from E.coli.,which can inhibit the growth of malignant cells. It is used mainly for the induction of remission in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Because of the lymph node origin of malignant B cells in Multiple Myeloma, L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for their cell metabolism, and, consequently, L-Asparaginase may be of value in managing the disease. The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that ALL cellsare unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acidasparaginewhereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine. These leukemic cells depend on circulating asparagine. Asparaginase however catalyzes the conversion of L-asparagine to aspartic acidand ammonia. This deprives the leukemic cell of circulating asparagine. |
ASPARAGINASE Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Raw materials | Agar-->TRIS BORATE EDTA BUFFER, 10X, DNASE, RNASE AND PROTEASE FREE, PH 8.3, FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY |
