Bromine CAS 7726-95-6
Introduction：Basic information about Bromine CAS 7726-95-6, including its chemical name, molecular formula, synonyms, physicochemical properties, and safety information, etc.
Bromine Basic information
| Product Name: | Bromine |
| Synonyms: | BroMine, 99.6%, for analysis;BROMINE FOR ANALYSIS ISO 250 ML;BROMINE FOR ANALYSIS ISO 50 ML;BROMINE FOR ANALYSIS ISO 1 L;BROMINE EXTRA PURE 1 L;BROMINE 99.9999 SUPRAPUR 250 ML;BROMINE EXTRA PURE 250 ML;BroMine, 1.0 M solution in Methylene chloride, SpcSeal |
| CAS: | 7726-95-6 |
| MF: | Br2 |
| MW: | 159.81 |
| EINECS: | 231-778-1 |
| Product Categories: | BrominationAnalytical Reagents;Analytical Reagents for General Use;Puriss;Industrial/Fine Chemicals;Inorganics;ACS GradeSynthetic Reagents;Essential Chemicals;Routine Reagents;C-X Bond Formation (Halogen);Bromination;Synthetic Reagents;BrominationEssential Chemicals;Reagent Grade;BrominationMicro/Nanoelectronics;Electronic Chemicals;Pure Elements;A-B, Puriss p.a. ACS;Puriss p.a. ACS;metal or element |
| Mol File: | 7726-95-6.mol |
Bromine Chemical Properties
| Melting point | −7.2 °C(lit.) |
| Boiling point | 58.8 °C(lit.) |
| density | 3.119 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| vapor density | 7.14 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 175 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| Fp | 113 °C |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | 35g/l |
| form | Liquid |
| pka | 7.91(Solvent: Water) |
| Specific Gravity | 3.119 |
| color | Red-brown |
| Odor | Odor can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm; exposure to concentrations below 1ppm causes lacrimation. |
| resistivity | 7.8E18 μΩ-cm, 20°C |
| Water Solubility | 35 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Merck | 13,1378 |
| Exposure limits | TLV-TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) (ACGIH,MSHA, NIOSH, and OSHA); TLV-STEL0.3 ppm (ACGIH); IDLH 10 ppm (NIOSH). |
| Stability: | Stable. Incompatible with reducing agents, alkali metals, powdered metals, steel, iron, copper, organic materials. |
| InChI | 1S/BrH/h1H/p-1 |
| InChIKey | CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [Br-] |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 7726-95-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Bromine(7726-95-6) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Bromine(7726-95-6) |
Safety Information
| Hazard Codes | T+,C,N,T |
| Risk Statements | 26-35-50-40-22-46-45 |
| Safety Statements | 26-45-61-7/9-36/37/39-28-53 |
| RIDADR | UN 1744 8/PG 1 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | EF9100000 |
| TSCA | TSCA listed |
| HS Code | 2801 30 90 |
| HazardClass | 8 |
| PackingGroup | I |
| Storage Class | 6.1B - Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 very toxic hazardous materials |
| Hazard Classifications | Acute Tox. 1 Inhalation Aquatic Acute 1 Eye Dam. 1 Skin Corr. 1A |
| Toxicity | LD50 oral (rat) 2600 mg/kg LC50 inhal (rat) 2700 mg/m3 PEL (OSHA) 0.1 ppm TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) STEL (ACGIH) 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3) |
| Chemical Properties | Bromine is a fuming red to dark reddishbrown,nonflammable, volatile liquid with a suffocatingodor. Soluble in water and alcohol. |
| Chemical Properties | Butane, CH3(CH2)2CH3, also known as n-butane and methyl-ethyl methane,is a colorless gas that occurs in natural gas and is obtained by cracking petroleum. It is used as a refrigerant and as a fuel. |
| Physical properties | Bromine is a thick, dark-red liquid with a high density. It is the only nonmetallic elementthat is a liquid at normal room temperatures. (The other element that is liquid at room temperaturesis the metal mercury.) Bromine’s density is 3.12g/cm3, which is three times the density ofwater. Its vapor is much denser than air, and when it is poured into a beaker, the fumes hug thebottom of the container. Bromine’s melting point is –72°C, and its boiling point is 58.8°C. |
| Isotopes | There are a total of 40 isotopes of bromine. Of these, only two are stable: Br-79constitutes 50.69% of the stable bromine found on Earth, and Br-81 makes up 49.31%of the naturally occurring abundance. All the other isotopes of bromine are radioactivewith half-lives ranging from 1.2 nanoseconds to 16.2 hours. |
| Origin of Name | Named for the Greek word bromos, which means “stench.” |
| Occurrence | Bromine is the 62nd most abundant element found on Earth. Although it is not founduncombined in nature, it is widely distributed over the Earth in low concentrations. It isfound in seawater at a concentration of 65 ppm. This concentration is too low for the bromineto be extracted directly, so the salt water must be concentrated, along with chlorine and othersalts, by solar evaporation, distillation, or both. Most of the commercial bromine that is recovered comes from underground salt minesand deep brine wells. A major source is the deep brine wells found in the state of Arkansas and Great Salt Lake of Utah in the United States. This brine contains about one-half percentbromine. Chlorine gas is added to hot brine that oxidizes the bromine ions in solution, whichis then collected as elemental bromine. It is also commercially produced, along with potash,from evaporation of the high-salt-content water of the Dead Sea, which is 1290 feet below sealevel and is located on the borders of the Middle Eastern countries of Israel and Jordan. |
| Characteristics | Bromine is a very reactive nonmetallic element, located between chlorine and iodine in theperiodic table. Bromine gas fumes are very irritating and toxic and will cause severe burns ifspilled on the skin. Bromine is soluble in most organic solvents and only slightly soluble in H2O. Liquid brominewill attack most metals, even platinum. |
| History | Bromine was discovered by Balard in1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member ofthe halogen group of elements, it is obtained from naturalbrines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromineis extracted today from seawater, which contains only about85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. Bromine isa heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily atroom temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeableodor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effecton the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbondisulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorinebut more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elementsand has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it producespainful sores. Bromine presents a serious health hazard, andmaximum safety precautions should be taken when handlingit. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in theproduction of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used inmaking gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline,however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmentalconsiderations. This will greatly affect future productionof bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants,flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes,medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography,etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine ismade of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes andisomers are known. Bromine (99.8%) costs about $70/kg. |
| Uses | A major use is as a gasoline additive called ethylene dibromide, an antiknock agent thatremoves lead additives from automobile engines after the combustion of leaded gasoline, thuspreventing the lead from forming deposits in the engine. The lead prevents premature burningof the gas/air mixture in the engine’s cylinders that causes the “knocking” sound in the engine.The lead combines with the bromine to form lead bromide, a volatile gas, which is expelledthrough the car’s exhaust system. Ethylene dibromide is a potent carcinogen. Since the introductionof lead free gasoline, this use has declined in importance; recently, other chemicalshave been substituted for the lead as an additive in gasoline. Methyl bromide is used as a pesticide, which is very effective against parasitic nematodes(e.g., hookworms). Silver bromide is used in photography. Compounds of bromide are usedas flame-retardants, water purifiers, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Bromine has many applicationswhen it is combined with organic compounds. For example, it is used as a reagent tostudy the organic reactions of many other compounds. It is also used as a disinfectant, afumigant, and a sedative. In the nineteenth century, many people took a “bromide” to easetension. |
| Uses | Bromine is used for bleaching fibers and silk,as a disinfectant for purifying water, in themanufacture of bromo compounds for dyesand pharmaceutical uses, as an analyticalreagent, and in organic synthesis. It occursin igneous rock and seawater. |
| Uses | manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, such as fuel additives, fire retardants, pesticides, oil well drilling fluids, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs. In water disinfection; as bleaching agent, surface disinfectant. |
| Definition | Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 35,group VIIA of the periodic table.Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also reported). Thereare two stable isotopes. |
| Definition | A deep red, moderately reactive element belonging to the halogens; i.e. group 17 (formerly VIIA) of the periodic table. Bromine is a liquid at room temperature (mercury is the only other element with this property). It occurs in small amounts in seawater, salt lakes, and salt deposits but is much less abundant than chlorine. Bromine reacts with most metals but generally with less vigor than chlorine. It has less oxidizing power than chlorine and consequently can be released from solutions of bromides by reaction with chlorine gas. The laboratory method is the more convenient oxidation by manganese dioxide. Industrial methods of production utilize oxidation by chlorine or electrolysis with removal from the solution by purging with air. Bromine and its compounds are used in pharmaceuticals, photography, chemical synthesis, fumigants, and in significantly large quantities as 1,2- dibromoethane (which is added to gasoline to combine with lead produced from the decomposition of the antiknock agent lead tetraethyl). The electropositive elements form ionic bromides and the non-metals form fully covalent bromides. Like chlorine, bromine forms oxides, Br2O and BrO2, both of which are unstable. The related oxo-acid anions hypobromite (BrO–) and bromate (BrO3–) are formed by the reaction of bromine with cold aqueous alkali and hot aqueous alkali respectively, but the bromine analogs of chlorite and perchlorate are not known. Bromine and the interhalogens are highly toxic. Liquid bromine and bromine solutions are also very corrosive and goggles and gloves should always be worn when handling such compounds. |
| Definition | Bromine water: A pale yellow liquid madeby reacting mercury(II) oxide withbromine water. It has strong bleachingpowers. Bromic(I) acid will donate protonsto only a small extent and hence is a weakacid in aqueous solution. It is a strong oxidizingagent. |
| Definition | bromine: Symbol Br. A halogen element;a.n. 35; r.a.m. 79.909; r.d.3.13; m.p. –7.2°C; b.p. 58.78°C. It is ared volatile liquid at room temperature,having a red-brown vapour.Bromine is obtained from brines inthe USA (displacement with chlorine);a small amount is obtainedfrom sea water in Anglesey. Largequantities are used to make 1,2-dibromoethaneas a petrol additive. Itis also used in the manufacture ofmany other compounds. Chemically,it is intermediate in reactivity betweenchlorine and iodine. It formscompounds in which it has oxidationstates of 1, 3, 5, or 7. The liquid isharmful to human tissue and thevapour irritates the eyes and throat.The element was discovered in 1826by Antoine Balard. |
| General Description | A reddish-brown aqueous solution. The solubility of bromine in water equals 0.33 mg/ mL. |
| Air & Water Reactions | Slightly soluble in water. |
| Reactivity Profile | BROMINE SOLUTION is an oxidizing agent. Bromine disproportionates rapidly in basic water to give bromide ion and bromate ion. The latter is also an oxidizing agent. Dissolution lowers reactivity compared to pure bromine. Reacts with reducing reagents. Reacts with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Can react with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form, to form bromides. Can react with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus, natural rubber. Reactions with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues may be vigorous.[Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109]. |
| Hazard | Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severeskin irritant. Strong oxidizing agent, may ignitecombustible materials on contact. Upper and lowerrespiratory tract irritant, and lung damage. |
| Hazard | Bromine and many bromine compounds in liquid form are very difficult to remove fromthe skin and produce deep burns that take a long time to heal. Almost all bromine compounds are toxic if inhaled or ingested. Many are extremely explosive.When working with bromine, it is important to avoid breathing the vapors, as well as toavoid contact with the skin. |
| Health Hazard | TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. |
| Health Hazard | Bromine is a corrosive liquid and a moder ately toxic substance. The target organs arethe respiratory system, eyes, and the centralnervous system; the routes of exposure areinhalation of its vapors, ingestion of the liq uid, and skin contact. Bromine is an irritantto respiratory passages and can cause injuryto the lungs. A concentration in the rangeof 50 ppm of bromine vapor in air is highlyirritating to humans, and a short exposure to1000 ppm for 15 minutes can be fatal. Othersymptoms are dizziness, headache, coughing,and lacrimation, manifested at a short expo sure to 10–20 ppm of vapor. Ingestion of theliquid can cause nausea, abdominal pain, anddiarrhea. It is corrosive to the skin and eyes,causing burns. Its odor can be detected at alevel of 3 ppm in air. |
| Health Hazard | Bromine is highly corrosive to the skin, causing irritation and destruction with blister formation.If bromine is not removed from the skin immediately, deep-seated ulcers develop, which healslowly. Severely painful and destructive eye burns may result from contact with either liquid orconcentrated vapors of bromine. Bromine is a moderately toxic substance via inhalation. Thereare good warning properties for bromine: lacrimation begins at ~1 ppm, and 50 ppm is highlyirritating to humans. A short exposure (minutes) to 1000 ppm would likely be fatal for humans.Vapor exposures can cause irritation and damage to the upper and lower respiratory tract (nose,throat, and lungs) to varying degrees depending on the concentration. If exposure is sufficientlyhigh, it will cause pulmonary edema, which could lead to death. Other reported symptoms ofoverexposure include coughing, tightness of chest, nosebleed, headache, and dizziness, followedafter some hours by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and a measles-like rash on the trunk andextremities.Animal studies on the chronic toxicity of bromine revealed disturbances in the respiratory,nervous, and endocrine systems after exposure to 0.2 ppm for 4 months; similar exposure to 0.02ppm did not produce any adverse effects |
| Fire Hazard | Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. |
| Fire Hazard | Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0) |
| Flammability and Explosibility | Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0). |
| Potential Exposure | Bromine is primarily used in the manufactureof gasoline antiknock compounds (1,2-dibromoethane).Other uses are for gold extraction; in brominatinghydrocarbons; in bleaching fibers and silk; in the manufactureof military gas, dyestuffs; and as an oxidizing agent. It is usedin the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals and pesticides. |
| storage | work with bromine should be conducted in afume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and rubber glovesshould be worn at all times when handling this corrosive substance. Containers ofbromine should be stored at room temperature in a secondary container separatelyfrom readily oxidizable substances. |
| Shipping | Bromine UN1744 Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8—Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard,Inhalation Hazard Zone A. Bromine solutions, Hazardclass: 8; Labels: 8—Corrosives materials; 6.1—PoisonInhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A; Brominesolutions, Hazard class: 8 Labels: 8—Corrosive material;6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone B. |
| Purification Methods | Reflux the brown liquid with solid KBr and distil, then dry the distillate by shaking it with an equal volume of conc H2SO4, then redistil it. The H2SO4 treatment can be replaced by direct distillation from BaO or P2O5 A more extensive purification [Hildenbrand et al. J Am Chem Soc 80 4129 1958] is to reflux about 1L of bromine for 1hour with a mixture of 16g of CrO3 in 200mL of conc H2SO4 (to remove organic material). The bromine is distilled into a clean, dry, glass-stoppered bottle, and chlorine is removed by dissolving ca 25g of freshly fused CsBr in 500mL of the bromine and standing overnight. To remove HBr and water, the bromine is then distilled back and forth through a train containing alternate tubes of MgO and P2O5. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 275 1963.] HIGHLY TOXIC. |
| Incompatibilities | A powerful oxidizer. May cause fire andexplosions in contact with organic or other readily oxidizablematerials. Contact with aqueous ammonia, acetaldehyde,acetylene, acrylonitrile, or with metals, may cause violentreactions. Anhydrous Br2 reacts with aluminum, titanium,mercury, potassium; wet Br2 with other metals. Also incompatiblewith alcohols, antimony, alkali hydroxides, arsenites,boron, calcium nitrite, cesium monoxide, carbonyls,dimethyl formamide, ethyl phosphine, fluorine, ferrous andmercurous salts; germanium, hypophosphites, iron carbide,isobutyronphenone, magnesium phosphide, methanol, nickelcarbonyl, olefins, ozone, sodium and many other substances.Attacks some coatings, and some forms of plastic and rubber.Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel; and copper. |
| Waste Disposal | Large volumes of concentratedsolutions of reducing agents (bisulfites or ferroussalts) may be added. The mixture is neutralized withsoda ash or dilute HCl and flushed to the sewer with largevolumes of water. |
Bromine Preparation Products And Raw materials
| Raw materials | Sodium hydroxide-->Sulfuric acid-->Sodium carbonate-->Chlorine-->Hydrogen bromide-->ZINC-->Sulfur dioxide-->Potassium chloride-->Sodium bromate-->Magnesium bromide |
| Preparation Products | 6-AMINO-5-BROMOPYRIMIDIN-2(1H)-ONE-->Isoquinoline-4-carbaldehyde-->3-(2-Bromoacetyl)pyridine hydrobromide-->5-Bromo-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine-->3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid-->5-BROMO-2-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE-->3,5-DIBROMO-1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-->2-Amino-5-bromo-4-methylpyridine-->1,1,3,3-TETRABROMOACETONE-->2-Bromo-1-indanone-->2-Bromo-2′-hydroxyacetophenone-->2-Amino-3-bromo-5-nitropyridine-->3-BROMO-1-BENZOFURAN-->3-Amino-4-bromopyrazole-->3-Hydroxy-2,4,6-tribromobenzoic acid-->2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol-->4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline-->Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromopropyl ether)-->Pyridinium tribromide-->2,4-Dibromo-6-methylaniline-->4-BROMO-1H-PYRAZOLE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID-->2-BROMOOCTANOIC ACID-->2-Bromobutyric acid-->1,2,3,4-Tetrabromobutane-->2,4,6-TRIBROMOANISOLE-->1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE-->3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENACYL BROMIDE-->3-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzoic acid-->4-AMINO-5-BROMO-2-PYRIMIDINOL-->6-BROMO-1,4-BENZODIOXANE-->2,3-Dibromopropionitrile-->Magnesium bromide hexahydrate-->Sodium p-styrenesulfonate-->Brominated polystyrene-->Pentabromodiphenyl ether-->Bromo hydrazine-->Managanese bromide-->2-Bromopropionyl bromide-->(+)-Camphor Bromide |
